# US 8,465,634 B2 · Systems and methods for integrated electrochemical and electrical detection

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- Number: US 8,465,634 B2
- Document ID: US8465634B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 12/601,211
- Filed: 2008-05-23
- Published: 2010-10-07
- Granted: 2013-06-18
- Earliest claimed: 2007-05-23
- Assignees: Arizona Board of Regents
- Applicants: Nongiian Tao; Erica Forzani
- Inventors: Nongiian Tao; Erica Forzani
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8465634B2

## CPC

- G01N 27/27: Association of two or more measuring systems or cells, each measuring a different parameter, where the measurement results may be either used independently, the systems or cells being physically associated, or combined to produce a value for a further parameter
- G01N 27/3277: {being a redox reaction, e.g. detection by cyclic voltammetry (voltammetry per se G01N27/42, G01N27/48)}
- G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q)

## Abstract

An integrated sensing device is capable of detecting analytes using electrochemical (EC) and electrical (E) signals. The device introduces synergetic new capabilities and enhances the sensitivity and selectivity for real-time detection of an analyte in complex matrices, including the presence of high concentration of interferences in liquids and in gas phases.

## Claims

### Claim 1

An electrochemical-electrical (EC-E) sensor comprising:
a first electrode fabricated on a substrate; a second electrode fabricated on the substrate and spaced apart from the first electrode;
a bridging material coupling the first electrode to the second electrode; an electrolyte;
a counter electrode; and a reference electrode; and
wherein at least one of the electrodes is connected to an electronic circuit for electrochemical-electrical control and/or measurement during use, and where a surface area ratio between the second electrode and the first electrode allows an electrochemical process taking place on the second electrode and electrical properties between the first and second electrodes to be controlled and/or measured simultaneously.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the first electrode is connected to an electronic circuit for applying a potential perturbation to the first electrode during use.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The sensor of claim 2, wherein the electronic circuit is a biopotentiostat.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the counter electrode is fabricated on the substrate.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the reference electrode is fabricated on the substrate.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the bridging material is fabricated on the substrate.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a third electrode placed apart from the first and second electrodes.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The sensor of claim 7, wherein the third electrode is employed for electrochemical control and/or measurement during use.

### Claim 9 (depends on 7)

The sensor of claim 7, wherein the first and second electrodes are employed for conductance measurement during use.

### Claim 10 (depends on 7)

The sensor of claim 7, wherein the electronic circuit is a tripotentiostat.

### Claim 11 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the bridging material comprises a polymer, Si, GaAs, a metal oxide, and other organic and inorganic semiconductors, a nanostructure, a molecularly imprinted material, and composites made of polymers and conducting or semiconducting materials.

### Claim 12 (depends on 1)

The sensor of claim 1, wherein the bridging material comprises at least one nanotube, nanowire, nanoparticle, nanorod, or nanobelt.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

A method comprising:
providing an EC-E sensor of claim 1 including a conducting bridge made from a conducting or semiconducting material;
providing an analyte;
detecting a catalyst byproduct;
determining a conductance and/or electrical current of the conducting or semiconducting material;
determining an electrochemical signal; and
detecting the analyte employing the conductance and the electrochemical signal.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the conductance and/or electrical current is measured using the first electrode.

### Claim 15 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the electrochemical signal is measured using the second electrode.

### Claim 16 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the step of providing the EC-E sensor further comprises adjusting a surface area ratio between the second electrode and the first electrode to optimize performance of the EC-E sensor.

### Claim 17 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the analyte comprises a molecule in gas phase.

### Claim 18 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein the analyte comprises a molecule in liquid phase.