Electrokinetically-altered fluids comprising charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures

A method of producing an electrokinetically-altered fluid, comprising use of a mixing device for creating an output mixture by mixing a first material and a second material, the device comprising:

• a first chamber configured to receive the first material from a source of the first material;
• a stator;
• a rotor having an axis of rotation, the rotor being disposed inside the stator and configured to rotate about the axis of rotation therein, at least one of the rotor and stator having a plurality of through-holes;
• a mixing chamber defined between the rotor and the stator, the mixing chamber being in fluid communication with the first chamber and configured to receive the first material therefrom, and the second material being provided to the mixing chamber via the plurality of through-holes formed in the one of the rotor and stator;
• a second chamber in fluid communication with the mixing chamber and configured to receive the output material therefrom;
• and
• a first internal pump housed inside the first chamber, the first internal pump being configured to pump the first material from the first chamber into the mixing chamber, to electrokinetically alter the fluid or solution, wherein an electrokinetically altered aqueous fluid comprising an ionic aqueous solution of charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures having an average diameter of less than 100 nanometers and stably configured in the ionic aqueous fluid in an amount sufficient to provide, upon contact of a living cell by the fluid, modulation of at least one of cellular membrane potential and cellular membrane conductivity is provided.

A method of producing an electrokinetically-altered fluid, comprising use of a mixing device for creating an output mixture by mixing a first material and a second material, the device comprising:

• a stator;
• a rotor having an axis of rotation, the rotor being disposed inside the stator and configured to rotate about the axis of rotation therein;
• a mixing chamber defined between the rotor and the stator, the mixing chamber having an open first end through which the first material enters the mixing chamber and an open second end through which the output material exits the mixing chamber, the second material entering the mixing chamber through at least one of the rotor and the stator;
• a first chamber in communication with at least a majority portion of the open first end of the mixing chamber;
• and
• a second chamber in communication with the open second end of the mixing chamber, to electrokinetically alter the fluid or solution, wherein an electrokinetically altered aqueous fluid comprising an ionic aqueous solution of charge-stabilized gas-containing nanostructures having an average diameter of less than 100 nanometers and stably configured in the ionic aqueous fluid in an amount sufficient to provide, upon contact of a living cell by the fluid, modulation of at least one of cellular membrane potential and cellular membrane conductivity is provided.