Methods of detection of changes in cells

A method of detection of responses of cells to stimuli comprising:

• (a) (i) immobilizing one or more extracellular matrix ligands to a surface of a colorimetric resonant reflectance biosensor or a grating-based waveguide biosensor, wherein the cells have cell surface receptors specific for the one or more extracellular matrix ligands;
• and adding the cells to the biosensor;
• or
• (ii) mixing cells with one or more extracellular matrix ligands, wherein the cells have cell surface receptors specific for the one or more extracellular matrix ligands;
• and adding the cells with one or more extracellular matrix ligands to a surface of a colorimetric resonant reflectance biosensor or a grating-based waveguide biosensor;
• (b) exposing the cells to stimuli, wherein the stimuli are compounds that modulate activity of a G protein-coupled receptor, ion channels, P13 kinase, transient receptor potential channels, phospholipase C, receptor tyrosine kinases, cytokines, beta-arrestin pathway responses, cytoskeletal rearrangements, epigenetic signals, integrins, or signal transduction pathways;
• and
• (c) detecting a change in peak wavelength value or signal over time, which indicates that the cells have responded to the stimuli.