# US 8,272,993 B2 · Method for carrying out a load shift in vehicles with electric drive > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 8,272,993 B2 - Document ID: US8272993B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 12/671,130 - Filed: 2008-08-08 - Published: 2010-08-05 - Granted: 2012-09-25 - Earliest claimed: 2007-08-16 - Assignees: ZF Friedrichshafen AG - Inventors: Johannes Kaltenbach; Stefan Wallner - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US8272993B2 ## CPC - B60W 20/40: Controlling the engagement or disengagement of prime movers, e.g. for transition between prime movers {(power-up or power-down of the driveline B60W30/192)} - B60W 10/08: including control of electric propulsion units, e.g. motors or generators - B60W 30/19: Improvement of gear change, e.g. by synchronisation or smoothing gear shift - F16H 61/0403: {Synchronisation before shifting} - B60L 2240/421: Speed - B60W 10/11: Stepped gearings - B60W 20/00: Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles {(hybrid vehicle design, B60K6/00; electric vehicles B60L)} - B60W 2710/081: Speed - F16H 2061/0422: {by an electric machine, e.g. by accelerating or braking the input shaft} - Y02T 10/62: Hybrid vehicles - Y02T 10/64: Electric machine technologies in electromobility - Y02T 10/72: Electric energy management in electromobility - B60W: CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT - F16H: GEARING - B60L: PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (arrangements or mounting of electrical propulsion units or of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion in vehicles B60K1/00, B60K6/20; arrangements or mounting of electrical gearing in vehicles B60K17/12, B60K17/14; preventing wheel slip by reducing power in rail vehicles B61C15/08; dynamo-electric machines H02K; control or regulation of electric motors H02P); SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES (electric coupling devices combined with mechanical couplings of vehicles B60D1/64; electric heating for vehicles B60H1/00); ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL (control or regulation of electric motors H02P); MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES - Y02T: CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION ## Abstract A method of carrying out a shift under load in either an electric vehicle which has a change-under-load transmission or a hybrid vehicle which has a hybrid transmission while the vehicle is operating in a purely electrical mode. The speed adaptation of the electric machine, which is required for synchronization to a new gear, is carried out in a speed regulation mode. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of carrying out a shift under load in either an electric vehicle having a change-under-load transmission or a hybrid vehicle having a hybrid transmission during purely electric driving operation, the method comprising the steps of: employing an electric machine being operatable in both a speed control mode and a torque regulation mode; carrying out a shift under load in the transmission during a purely electric driving operation by operating the electric machine in the torque-controlled mode; and adapting a speed of the electric machine (2), required for synchronization to a new gear, with the electric machine operating in the speed regulation mode. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of adapting the speed of the electric machine (2) such that a slope of the speed of the electric machine (2) (n_EM), with respect to time, comprising the time the electric machine (2) changes from a speed associated with an old gear (n_Gang_alt) to a target speed associated with a new gear (n_Gang_neu), forms a sigmoidal curve. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 2, the method further comprising the step of forming the sigmoidal curve to be substantially shaped as an ogee curve. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of utilizing torque (K_alt, K_neu) of shift elements, acting on the electric machine (2), as pilot control means for the speed adaptation of the electric machine (2). ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of, when the speed (n_EM) of the electric machine (2) reaches either a target speed or a synchronous speed (n_Gang_neu) of a gear to be engaged, returning the electric machine (2) to the torque-controlled mode and completely engaging a shift element (K_neu) being engaged. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of increasing, in a traction upshift, a transmission capacity of a new clutch (K_neu) to be engaged to assume the load; simultaneously reducing a transmission capacity of an engaged clutch (K_alt) to be disengaged, changing the electric machine (2) to the speed regulation mode, when the load has been assumed by the new clutch (K_neu) being engaged; and adapting the speed of the electric machine (2) to a synchronous speed of a gear to be engaged such that, in the speed regulation mode, the electric machine (2) is adjusted to either a target speed or a synchronous speed of the gear to be engaged and simultaneously completely disengaging the engaged clutch (K_alt) being disengaged. ### Claim 7 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of: reducing, in a traction downshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine (2) from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode as soon as slip is detected in the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged; increasing the speed of the electric machine (2), in the speed regulation mode, to a speed higher than a synchronous speed of a shift element (K_neu) to be engaged; increasing a transmission capacity of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and further reducing the transmission capacity of the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged, such that uptake of the load by the shift element (K_neu) being engaged is continuous; and completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged on completion of the load uptake by the shift element (K_neu) being engaged and adjusting the speed of the electric machine (2) to the synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) being engaged. ### Claim 8 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of: essentially simultaneously increasing, in a thrust downshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and reducing a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine (2) from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode, after a load is assumed by the shift element (K_neu) being engaged; substantially disengaging the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged; and adjusting a speed of the electric machine (2), in the speed regulation mode, to a synchronous speed and essentially simultaneously completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 1, the method further comprising the step of: continuously reducing, in a thrust upshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine (2) from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode, when slip is detected at the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged, and reducing the speed of the electric machine (2) to a value lower than a synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged; increasing a transmission capacity of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and reducing the transmission capacity of the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged such that uptake of the load by the shift element (K_neu) being engaged is continuous; and completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged on completion of the load uptake by the shift element (K_neu) being engaged and adjusting the speed of the electric machine (2), in the speed regulation mode, to the synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) being engaged. ### Claim 10 A method of carrying out a shift under load in either an electric vehicle having a change-under-load transmission or a hybrid vehicle having a hybrid transmission during purely an electric driving operation in which the vehicle comprises an electric machine and an internal combustion engine with a drive train clutch located between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine, the method comprising the steps of: employing an electric machine being operatable in both a speed control mode and a torque regulation mode; disengaging the drive train clutch located between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine, during a shift, so as to provide purely an electric driving operation and operating the electric machine in the torque-controlled mode; carrying out a shift under load in the transmission during the purely electric driving operation; changing the electric machine from the torque-controlled mode to a speed regulation mode once the transmission load of the vehicle is taken up by a new clutch to be engaged; and adapting a speed of the electric machine, required for synchronization to a new gear, with the electric machine operating during the speed regulation mode. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of adapting the speed of the electric machine such that a slope of the speed of the electric machine, with respect to time, changes from a speed associated with an old gear (n_Gang_alt) to a target speed associated with a new gear (n_Gang_neu), forms a sigmoidal curve. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of utilizing torque (K_alt, K_neu) of shift elements, acting on the electric machine, as pilot control means for the speed adaptation of the electric machine. ### Claim 13 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of, when the speed of the electric machine reaches either a target speed or a synchronous speed (n_Gang_neu) of a gear to be engaged, returning the electric machine (2) to the torque-controlled mode and completely engaging a shift element (K_neu) to be engaged. ### Claim 14 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of increasing, in a traction upshift, a transmission capacity of the new clutch (K_neu) to be engaged to assume the load; simultaneously reducing a transmission capacity of an engaged clutch (K_alt) to be disengaged, changing the electric machine (2) to the speed regulation mode, when the load has been assumed by the new clutch (K_neu) to be engaged; and adapting the speed of the electric machine (2) to a synchronous speed of a gear to be engaged such that, in the speed regulation mode, the electric machine (2) is adjusted to either a target speed or a synchronous speed of the gear to be engaged and simultaneously completely disengaging the engaged clutch (K_alt) to be disengaged. ### Claim 15 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of: reducing, in a traction downshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode as soon as slip is detected in the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; increasing the speed of the electric machine, in the speed regulation mode, to a speed higher than a synchronous speed of a shift element (K_neu) to be engaged; increasing a transmission capacity of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and further reducing the transmission capacity of the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged, such that uptake of the load by the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged is continuous; and completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged on completion of the load uptake by the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and adjusting the speed of the electric machine (2) to the synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged. ### Claim 16 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of: simultaneously increasing, in a thrust downshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and reducing a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine (2) from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode, after a load is assumed by the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged; substantially disengaging the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; and adjusting a speed of the electric machine (2), in the speed regulation mode, to a synchronous speed and essentially simultaneously completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged. ### Claim 17 (depends on 10) The method of carrying out a load shift according to claim 10, the method further comprising the step of: continuously reducing, in a thrust upshift, a transmission capacity of a shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged; changing the electric machine (2) from the torque-controlled mode to the speed regulation mode, when slip is detected at the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged, and reducing the speed of the electric machine (2) to a value lower than a synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged; increasing a transmission capacity of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and reducing the transmission capacity of the shift element (K_alt) being disengaged such that uptake of the load by the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged is continuous; and completely disengaging the shift element (K_alt) to be disengaged on completion of the load uptake by the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged and adjusting the speed of the electric machine (2), in the speed regulation mode, to the synchronous speed of the shift element (K_neu) to be engaged. ### Claim 18 A method of carrying out a shift under load in either an electric vehicle having a change-under-load transmission or a hybrid vehicle having a hybrid transmission during purely an electric driving operation in which the vehicle comprises an electric machine and an internal combustion engine with a drive train clutch located between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine, the method comprising the steps of: employing an electric machine which is operatable in both a speed control mode and a torque regulation mode; disengaging the drive train clutch located between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine, during a shift, so as to provide purely an electric driving operation and operating the electric machine in the torque-controlled mode; carrying out a shift under load in the transmission during the purely electric driving operation by increasing a transmission capacity of a new clutch to be engaged, in order to take up a transmission load of the vehicle, and, at the same time, reducing a transmission capacity of an engaged clutch to be disengaged; changing the electric machine from the torque-controlled mode to a speed regulation mode once the transmission load of the vehicle is taken up by the new clutch to be engaged; and adapting a speed of the electric machine, required for synchronization to a new gear, with the electric machine operating during the speed regulation mode and simultaneously completely disengaging the engaged clutch (K_alt) to be disengaged.