Microarray substrate, method of use, and products comprising the microarray substrate

A method for analyzing a target nucleic acid, comprising:

• covalently immobilizing a probe nucleic acid to a microarray substrate at a first pH;
• hybridizing a target nucleic acid to the immobilized probe nucleic acid at a second pH;
• and
• detecting hybridization,
• wherein the microarray substrate comprises a solid substrate having covalently immobilized thereon a functional residue represented by Formula 1:
• <Formula 1>
• wherein, n is an integer of 1 to 10;
• and the structure within brackets [ ] represents a moiety formed by reaction of a tetracarboxylic acid anhydride with an amine to produce —NH(CH2)nNH2 and with an —NH(CH2)nNH2 amino group covalently bonded to the solid substrate to produce —NH(CH2)nNH—at opposite sides of the tetracarboxylic acid anhydride;
• wherein the tetracarboxylic acid anhydride is selected from the group consisting of 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,3′,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,2′,3,3′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,3′,4′-benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)ether dianhydride, bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)sulfone dianhydride, 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 1,2,5,6-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,3,6,7-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-hexafluoropropane dianhydride, cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, methylcyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride, and 1,2,3,4-tetracarboxybutane dianhydride;
• and
• R10 is determined by the selected tetracarboxylic acid anhydride.