High stability polyionic liquid salts

A tetraionic liquid salt comprising a tetraionic species that corresponds in structure to:

• wherein Rc is a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, halo, alkoxy and hydroxyl;
• each A is an independently selected monoionic group, wherein:
• the monoionic group is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, (—CH2-carbocyclyl-CH2—)n, and polysiloxyl;
• wherein alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and Si;
• wherein the monoionic group is substituted with a cationic group selected from the group consisting of heterocyclyl, ammonium and phosphonium;
• wherein the cationic group optionally is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, halo, alkoxy and hydroxyl;
• wherein the alkyl optionally is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy and phenyl;
• or
• the monoionic group is an anionic group selected from the group of substituents consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate;
• wherein each such substituent is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, carbocyclyl and heterocyclyl;
• n is selected from the group consisting of 1 to 20, inclusive;
• and
• wherein z is selected from the group consisting of 1 to 20, inclusive.

A triionic liquid salt comprising a triionic species which corresponds in structure to:

• and at least one counterion;
• wherein each t is independently selected from the group consisting of 1 to 20, inclusive;
• wherein
• each A is an independently selected monoionic group, wherein:
• the monoionic group is selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, (—CH2-carbocyclyl-CH2—)n, and polysiloxyl;
• wherein alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and Si;
• wherein the monoionic group is substituted with a cationic group selected from the group consisting of heterocyclyl, ammonium and phosphonium;
• wherein the cationic group optionally is substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, carbocyclyl, heterocyclyl, halo, alkoxy and hydroxyl;
• wherein the alkyl optionally is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy and phenyl.