Washer for tightening and loosening threaded connectors

A washer used for tightening and loosening threaded connectors including a nut, a bolt having an axis and introduced into an object with interposition of the washer between the nut and the object so that a first bearing face surface of the washer on one axial side cooperates with a nut and a second bearing face surface of the washer on an opposite axial side cooperates with the object, the washer comprising

• a radially outer body having a radially inner opening adapted to be larger than a diameter of the bolt and a radially outer surface adapted to absorb a reaction force of a tool;
• a radially inner segment engageable with a thread of the bolt, located radially inside said outer body in said radially inner opening, and connectable to the outer body with a limited axial frictional movement relative to the body;
• and
• a spacer adapted to be located between the radially inner segment and the nut and located also radially inside said outer body in said radially inner opening and axially spaced from said radially inner segment,
• such that said outer body, said radially inner segment, and said spacer are assembleable and dissassembleable from one another and are usable jointly or individually, so that
• when only the radially outer body of the washer is interposed between the nut and the object for regular applications when an even and accurate bolt elongation is not necessary and the radially outer surface of the body is used to absorb a reaction force of the tool, then when the tool applies a turning force to the nut and an equal but opposite reaction force to the radially outer body, the nut turns but the radially outer body stands still, and in this case the washer composed only of the radially outer body functions as a reaction washer,
• when the radially outer body and the radially inner segment are interposed together between the nut and the object for applications when even and accurate bolt elongation is necessary, then when the nut is turned by the tool at the given force and the radially outer body receives the given force in an opposite direction from the tool, the radially outer body stands still while the radially inner segment engaging with the thread of the bolt positively stops the bolt from turning and allows the bolt only to elongate or to relax, and in this case the washer composed of the radially outer body and the radially inner segment functions as a tension washer, and
• when the radially outer body, the radially inner segment, and the spacer are interposed between the nut and the object for applications when a precise bolt elongation is needed and a bolt elongation must be controlled, then when the nut is turned by the tool at a given force and the radially outer body receives the given force in an opposite direction from the tool, the radially outer body stands still while the radially inner segment engaging with the threads of the bolt positively stops the bolt from turning and allows the bolt only to elongate or to relax and at the same time the radially inner segment moves axially while the spacer limits the axial movement of the segment, and in this case the washer composed of the radially outer body, the radially inner segment, and the spacer functions as a high precision washer.