Confinement of hydrogen at high pressure in carbon nanotubes

A hydrogen confinement apparatus, comprising:

• an ordered array of multi-walled carbon nanotubes having longitudinal axes that are substantially parallel, each carbon nanotube having first and second ends, the second ends of each carbon nanotube being capped with palladium (Pd) to enable the high pressure confinement of hydrogen in the carbon nanotubes and release of the hydrogen therethrough as a function of palladium temperature,
• wherein the array of carbon nanotubes is capable of storing hydrogen gas at a pressure of at least 1 GPa for greater than 24 hours.

A high pressure hydrogen confinement apparatus comprising:

• an ordered array of carbon nanotubes having longitudinal axes that are substantially parallel, the carbon nanotubes being capped at both ends, wherein at least one of the capped at both ends, wherein at least one of the ends is capped with a hydrogen-permeable membrane,
• wherein the capped ends and an interior wall of each of the carbon nanotubes define a hollow interior in each of the carbon nanotubes, and
• wherein the interior wall is characterized as capable of high pressure confinement of gaseous hydrogen therein at a pressure of at least 1 GPa for at least 24 hours when exteriors of the nanotubes are exposed to an ambient pressure of 1 atmosphere.