Method of manufacturing ultrahydrophobic substrates

A method for modifying the surface of a substrate comprising:

• grafting a plurality of structures to a substrate at a surface of the substrate, wherein the structures have a cross-section of between about 1 nanometer and about 1 micrometer, wherein the average distance between individual structures grafted to the substrate is between about the cross-section of the individual structure and about three times the cross-section of the individual structures;
• forming an anchoring layer on the substrate surface such that the anchoring layer is directly bound to the substrate surface and the plurality of structures are indirectly bound to the substrate via the anchoring layer;
• forming a polymer layer on the substrate, wherein the polymer layer overlays the anchoring layer and overlays the plurality of structures bound to the anchoring layer;
• and
• grafting a hydrophobic material to the polymer layer;
• wherein the substrate surface including the anchoring layer, the plurality of structures, the polymer layer, and the hydrophobic material has a receding water contact angle greater than about 150° and has an advancing water contact angle greater than about 150°.