# US 7,760,836 B2 · Skew-correcting apparatus using external communications element > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 7,760,836 B2 - Document ID: US7760836B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 11/462,164 - Filed: 2006-08-03 - Published: 2008-05-29 - Granted: 2010-07-20 - Earliest claimed: 2006-08-03 - Assignees: Avalon Microelectronics, Inc. - Inventors: Wally Haas; Mutema John Pittman; Chuck Rumbolt - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US7760836B2 ## CPC - H04L 25/14: Channel dividing arrangements {, i.e. in which a single bit stream is divided between several baseband channels and reassembled at the receiver} - H04L 1/242: {by comparing a transmitted test signal with a locally generated replica} - H04L: TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION (arrangements common to telegraphic and telephonic communication H04M) ## Abstract An apparatus for determining the amount of skew to be injected into a high-speed data communications system of including a plurality of lanes having a data bus per lane, relative to a reference lane, for system skew compensation. By knowing the relative amount of skew that each lane requires for alignment, an appropriate amount of skew can be injected on each lane to provide alignment and thus compliancy with the SFI-5 and SxI-5 standards, in terms of data skew specifications. The relative skew amounts for each transmitting lane are determined using a methodology involving internal loopback and characteristics from a connected communications element to the chip receive path. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A skew detection apparatus detecting the amount of skew in at least one of a plurality of transmitting lanes, in relation to a reference lane, of a parallel data transmission system, comprising: (a) a plurality of transmitting lane pairs with one of a plurality of transceivers for each of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs, said plurality of transceivers comprising a transmitter and a receiver, wherein one of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs is a reference lane and one of said plurality of transceivers is a reference transceiver; (b) a internal loopback coupled from one or more outputs from said transmitter to one or more inputs of said receiver via a switch, wherein said switch selects data from a plurality of data, said plurality of data comprising regular data and internal loopback data, wherein said switch selects one of said plurality of data, whereby any other of said plurality of data can subsequently be selected by said switch to change from one of said plurality of data to any other of said plurality of data; (c) a connected communication element coupled to a receiving chip via a chip receive path; and (d) a logic circuit to implement at least one equation to detect a plurality of skew constants via a mode of empirical testing, said plurality of skew constants comprising internal skew constants and external skew constants, wherein said internal skew constants are located thin said transceivers and said external skew constants are located across said chip receive path, wherein said plurality of skew constants indicate skew in any of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said reference lane and said reference transceiver are chosen from said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said plurality of transceivers or said reference lane and said reference transceiver are provided in addition to said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said plurality of transceivers for the purpose of providing said reference lane to said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said reference transceiver to said plurality of transceivers. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein in said mode of empirical testing is a training sequence. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said receiving chip is a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said connected communication element is a transponder or said connected communication element is a connection device for data transfer. ### Claim 6 (depends on 3) The apparatus of claim 3, wherein said training sequence is a Pseudo-Random Bit Sequence (PRBS) pattern. ### Claim 7 A skew correction apparatus for correcting the amount of skew in at least one of a plurality of transmitting lanes, in relation to a reference lane, comprising: (a) a plurality of transmitting lane pairs with one of a plurality of transceivers for each of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs, said plurality of transceivers comprising a transmitter and a receiver, wherein one of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs is a reference lane and one of said plurality of transceivers is a reference transceiver; (b) a buffer to delay said plurality of transmitting lane pairs by a Unit Interval of Time (UI); and (c) a logic circuit to implement an equation to detect an amount of skew in at least one of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs through a plurality skew constants, said plurality of skew constants comprising internal skew constants located within said transceivers and external skew constants located across a chip receive path, said chip receive path connecting a connected communication element to a receiving chip, whereby said amount of skew indicates to said buffer the offsetting skew to be injected into any of said plurality of transmitting lane pairs, at the transmit side of the circuit, to re-align said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and achieve lane alignment. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said reference lane and said reference transceiver are chosen from said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said plurality of transceivers or said reference lane and said reference transceiver are provided in addition to said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said plurality of transceivers for the purpose of providing said reference lane to said plurality of transmitting lane pairs and said reference transceiver to said plurality of transceivers. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) The apparatus of claim 7, wherein said buffer is a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) buffer.