Functionalized ionic liquids, and methods of use thereof

A salt represented by 1:

• wherein
• R represents independently for each occurrence alkyl, fluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, or —(CH2)n—R8;
• R′ represents independently for each occurrence H, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, formyl, acyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, or —(CH2)n—R8;
• R3 represents independently for each occurrence H, F, or alkyl;
• L represents (C(R3)2)n;
• Z represents —SO3H;
• J represents independently for each occurrence O, S, NR′, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl;
• X− represents phosphorus tetrafluoride, phosphorus hexafluoride, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate, bis(alkylsulfonyl)amide, bis(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)amide, bis(arylsulfonyl)amide, (fluoroalkylsulfonyl)(fluoroalkylcarbonyl)amide, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, hydrogensulfate, alkyl sulfate, aryl sulfate, carbonate, bicarbonate, carboxylate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, hypochlorite, or an anionic site of a cation-exchange resin;
• R8 represents independently for each occurrence cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl;
• m represents independently for each occurrence an integer in the range 1-10 inclusive;
• and
• n represents independently for each occurrence an integer in the range 1-10 inclusive.