Optical Modulator

An optical modulator for modulating light propagating in a three-dimensional optical waveguide by applying a voltage thereto, said modulator comprising:

• a substrate comprising a ferroelectric material;
• a three-dimensional optical waveguide comprising at least one pair of branch optical waveguides, a multiplexing part of said branch optical waveguides, and a single emission part provided in the downstream of said multiplexing part for emitting signal light;
• a modulation electrode for applying a signal voltage for modulating light propagating in said three-dimensional optical waveguide;
• and
• a guiding waveguide for guiding primary mode light from said multiplexing part, the guiding waveguide being provided inside said substrate and having an incident end and an emitting end, wherein said incident end of the guiding waveguide is provided downstream of said multiplexing part, said emitting end of the guiding waveguide is provided at an end face of said substrate, and said incident end evanescently couples primary mode light from said multiplexing part;
• wherein said substrate has a thickness of 20 μm or less at least under said modulation electrode, wherein an operational point of said optical modulator can be controlled by changing a DC bias applied on said modulation electrode based on optical output from said guiding waveguide, wherein the guiding waveguide is provided in one side of said emitting part and is separated from said emitting part and said multiplexing part, wherein the minimum distance from the central axis of said multiplexing part to said guiding waveguide is 10 μm or more.