Electrophotographic photoreceptor, and process cartridge and image-forming apparatus using the same

An image-forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed on the conductive substrate in this order, and the surface layer containing a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface, an electrostatic latent image-forming unit for forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing unit for developing the electrostatic latent image into a toner image with a toner-containing developer, and a transfer unit for transferring the toner image onto a recording medium.

A process cartridge, integrally comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate, and an organic photosensitive layer, an intermediate layer, and a surface layer formed on the conductive substrate in this order, and the surface layer containing a Group 13 element and at least one of nitrogen or oxygen, and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit for charging the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface, a developing unit for forming a toner image on the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface with a toner-containing developer, and a cleaning unit for removing toner remaining on the electrophotographic photoreceptor surface.