Films and particles

An oligomer or polymer, represented by Formula XXXVIII:

• wherein:
• Q′ is independently selected from O, S, Se, and NH;
• G′ is selected from
• and R1′;
• R1′ is selected from a straight or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, olefin, silyl, alkylsilyl, arylsilyl, alkylaryl, and fluorocarbon chain of 3-50 carbons, wherein each alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, olefin, silyl, alkylsilyl, arylsilyl, alkylaryl, or fluorocarbon chain is optionally substituted internally or terminally by one or more hydroxyl, hydroxyether, carboxyl, carboxyester, carboxyamide, amino, mono- or di-substituted amino, thiol, thioester, sulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, or halogen substituents;
• or
• R1′ is selected from poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(hydroxyacid)), a carbohydrate, a protein, a polypeptide, an amino acid, a nucleic acid, a nucleotide, a polynucleotide, any DNA or RNA segment, a lipid, a polysaccharide, an antibody, a pharmaceutical agent, and any epitope for a biological receptor;
• or
• R1′ is selected from a photocrosslinkable and an ionically crosslinkable group;
• x and y are each independently selected from an integer of 2-750;
• e is selected from an integer of 1-8;
• and
• each polymeric terminal group is selected from hydrogen, amines, thiols, amides, phosphates, sulphates, hydroxides, metals, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.