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US 7,659,540 B2Granted
Materials for electroluminescence and the utilization thereof
AssigneeMerck Patent GmbH
InventorsSusanne Heun, René Scheurich, Arne Büsing, Aurélie Ludemann, Anja Gerhard, Philipp Stössel, Horst Vestweber
Life of this patent
Estimating the term…
Abstract
The present invention relates to organic semiconductors which contain structural units L=X and in addition structural units which emit light from the triplet state. The materials according to the invention are more soluble and easier to synthesize and are therefore more suitable for use in organic light-emitting diodes than comparative materials in accordance with the prior art.
Claims26
Organic semiconductors comprising
- (A) at least one conjugated, partially conjugated or cross-conjugated polymer,
- (B) at least one structural unit L=X, where the following applies to the symbols used:
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(═O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O);
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by R5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- and
- (C) at least one triplet emitter;
- with the proviso that mixtures of two polymers in which the first polymer contains covalently bonded triplet emitters and the other is a copolymer comprising TPD units and diphenyl sulfone ether or diphenyl ketone ether units are excluded;
- and furthermore with the proviso that polymers containing on the one hand covalently bonded triplet emitters and on the other hand units of the formula (a) are excluded from the invention:
- in which Ar1 and Ar2 each independently denote a tetravalent aromatic hydrocarbon group or a tetravalent heterocyclic group;
- one of the units X1 and X2 denotes C(═O) or C(R1)(R2) and the other denotes O, S, C(═O), S(═O), SO2, Si(R3)(R4), N(R5), B(R6), P(R7) or P(═O)(R8);
- where the radicals R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 in the formula (a) each independently denote a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylamino group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an aryl-alkylthio group, an arylalkylamino group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an amide group, an imine group, a substituted silyl group, a substituted silyloxy group, a substituted silylthio group, a substituted silylamino group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylethynyl group or a cyano group,
- M denotes a group which is represented by formula (b), formula (c) or formula (d)
- —Y1—Y2— formula (b)
- in which Y1 and Y2 each independently denote O, S, C(═O), S(═O), SO2, C(R9)(R10), Si(R11)(R12), N(R13), B(R14), P(R15) or P(═O)(R16),
- where the radicals R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15 and R16 in the formula (b) each independently denote a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylamino group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkylamino group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an amide group, an imine group, a substituted silyl group, a substituted silyloxy group, a substituted silylthio group, a substituted silylamino group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylethynyl group or a cyano group,
- where Y1 and Y2 are not identical if Y1 is not C(R9)(R10) or Si(R11)(R12)]
- —Y3═Y4— formula (c)
- in which Y3 and Y4 each independently denote N, B, P, C(R17) or Si(R18);
- the radicals R17 and R18 in the formula (c) each independently denote a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylamino group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkylamino group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an amide group, an imine group, a substituted silyl group, a substituted silyloxy group, a substituted silylthio group, a substituted silylamino group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylethynyl group or a cyano group;
- —Y5— formula (d)
- in which Y5 denotes O, S, C(═O), S(═O), SO2, C(R19)(R20), Si(R21)(R22), N(R23), B(R24), P(R25) or P(═O)(R);
- where the radicals R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24, R25 and R26 in the formula (d) each independently denote a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylthio group, an alkylamino group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, an arylamino group, an arylalkyl group, an arylalkoxy group, an arylalkylthio group, an arylalkylamino group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an amide group, an imine group, a substituted silyl group, a substituted silyloxy group, a substituted silylthio group, a substituted silylamino group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, an arylalkenyl group, an arylethynyl group or a cyano group;
- Z1 denotes —CR36═CR37— or —C≡C—;
- R36 and R37 each independently denote a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group or a cyano group;
- d denotes 0 or 1.
28 more elements
Mixtures (BLEND1), comprising
- (A) 5-99.9% by weight of at least one polymer (POLY1) which comprises 1-100 mol % of one or more recurring units (MONO1) containing at least one structural unit L=X or at least one structural unit of the formula (1) to (5),
- wherein
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(═O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O);
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by R5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- and
- wherein the formulae (1) to (5) are as follows:
- where the symbols used have the following meaning:
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X cannot be S or Se for formulae (4) and (5);
- Y is on each occurrence, identically or differently, P, As, Sb or Bi;
- Z is on each occurrence, identically or differently, S, Se or Te;
- R1 to R6 have the same meaning as described above,
- and
- (B) 0.1-95% by weight of one or more triplet emitters (TRIP1).
16 more elements
Mixtures (BLEND2), comprising
- (A) 0.5-99% by weight of at least one polymer (POLY2) which comprises 0.5-99.5 mol % of one or more triplet emitters (TRIP2) covalently bonded,
- and
- (B) 1-99.5% by weight of at least one compound (COMP1) which contains at least one structural unit L=X or at least one structural unit of the formula (1) to (5)
- wherein
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(═O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O);
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by 1(5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- and
- wherein the formulae (1) to (5) are as follows:
- where the symbols used have the following meaning:
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X cannot be S or Se for formulae (4) and (5);
- Y is on each occurrence, identically or differently, P, As, Sb or Bi;
- Z is on each occurrence, identically or differently, S, Se or Te;
- R1 to R6 are defined above,
- and is capable of forming glass-like layers at room temperature.
17 more elements
Mixtures (BLEND3), comprising
- (A) 0.5-98.9% by weight of any desired polymer (POLY3),
- and
- (B) 1-99% by weight of at least one compound (COMP1) which contains at least one structural unit L=X or at least one structural unit of the formula (1) to (5) and is capable of forming glass-like layers at room temperature,
- wherein
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O);
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by R5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- and
- wherein the formulae (1) to (5) are as follows:
- where the symbols used have the following meaning:
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X cannot be S or Se for formulae (4) and (5);
- Y is on each occurrence, identically or differently, P, As, Sb or Bi;
- Z is on each occurrence, identically or differently, S, Se or Te;
- R1 to R6 are defined above,
- and
- (C) 0.1-95% by weight of one or more triplet emitters (TRIP1).
19 more elements
Mixtures (BLEND4, comprising
- (A) 0.5-99% by weight of at least one polymer (POLY3);
- and
- (B) 1-99.5% by weight of a compound (TRIP3) which contains at least one structural unit L=X or at least one structural unit of the formula (1) to (5) covalently bonded to one or more triplet emitters,
- wherein
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(═O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O);
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4 with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted b R5 or may also be unsubstituted where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms which ma be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- and
- wherein the formulae (1) to (5) are as follows:
- where the symbols used have the following meaning:
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X cannot be S or Se for formulae (4) and (5);
- Y is on each occurrence, identically or differently, P, As, Sb or Bi;
- Z is on each occurrence, identically or differently, S, Se or Te;
- R1 to R6 are defined above,
- where the bonding between the triplet emitter and the structural unit L=X can take place in any desired positions of the two units, with the restriction that at least one group X in (TRIP3) must be in free form and not coordinated to a metal atom.
17 more elements
Polymers POLY4 comprising
- (A) 1-99.9 mol % of one or more recurring units MONO1 containing at least one structural unit L=X,
- L is on each occurrence, identically or differently, (R1)(R2)C, (R1)P, (R1)As, (R1)Sb, (R1)Bi, (R1)(R2)(R3)P, (R1)(R2)(R3)As, (R1)(R2)(R3)Sb, (R1)(R2)(R3)Bi, (R1)(R2)S, (R1)(R2)Se, (R1)(R2)Te, (R1)(R2)S(═O), (R1)(R2)Se(═O) or (R1)(R2)Te(═O));
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X is not S or Se if L stands for S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by R5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms;
- (B) 0.1-95 mol % of one or more triplet emitters TRIP2.
7 more elements
Polymers containing one or more structural units of the formula (1) to (5) and 9,9′-spirobifluorene units
- where the symbols used have the following meaning:
- X is on each occurrence, identically or differently, O, S, Se or N—R4, with the proviso that X cannot be S or Se for formulae (4) and (5);
- Y is on each occurrence, identically or differently, P, As, Sb or Bi;
- Z is on each occurrence, identically or differently, S, Se or Te;
- R1, R2, R3 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, F, CN, N(R4)2, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by R5 or may also be unsubstituted, where one or more non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by —R6C═CR6—, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, C═O, C═S, C═Se, C═NR6, —O—, —S—, —NR6— or —CONR6— and where one or more H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may be substituted by one or more radicals R5, where two or more substituents R1, R2 and/or R3 may also with one another form a mono- or polycyclic, aliphatic or aromatic ring system;
- all substituents R1 to R3 on one structural unit here must not be H or F;
- the groups R1 to R3 may furthermore optionally have bonds to the polymer;
- R4 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy chain having 1 to 22 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by —R6C═CR6, —C≡C—, Si(R6)2, Ge(R6)2, Sn(R6)2, —NR6—, —O—, —S—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—O—, where, in addition, one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an aryl, heteroaryl or aryloxy group having 1 to 40 C atoms, which may also be substituted by one or more radicals R6, or OH or N(R5)2;
- R5 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, R4 or CN, B(R6)2 or Si(R6)3,
- R6 is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H or an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 20 C atoms.
7 more elements
Dependencies are inferred from the claim text.