# US 7,613,603 B2 · Audio coding device with fast algorithm for determining quantization step sizes based on psycho-acoustic model

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- Number: US 7,613,603 B2
- Document ID: US7613603B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 11/272,223
- Filed: 2005-11-10
- Published: 2006-04-06
- Granted: 2009-11-03
- Earliest claimed: 2003-06-30
- Assignees: Fujitsu Limited
- Inventors: Hiroaki Yamashita
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US7613603B2

## CPC

- G10L 19/032: Quantisation or dequantisation of spectral components
- G10L 19/035: Scalar quantisation
- G10L: SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING

## Abstract

An efficient audio coding device that quantizes and encodes digital audio signals with a reduced amount of computation. A spatial transform unit subjects samples of a given audio signal to a spatial transform, thus obtaining transform coefficients of the signal. With a representative value selected out of the transform coefficients of each subband, a quantization step size calculator estimates quantization noise and calculates, in an approximative way, a quantization step size of each subband from the estimated quantization noise, as well as from a masking power threshold determined from a psycho-acoustic model of the human auditory system. A quantizer then quantizes the transform coefficients, based on the calculated quantization step sizes, thereby producing quantized values of those coefficients. The quantization step sizes are also used by a scalefactor calculator to calculate common and individual scalefactors. A coder encodes at least one of the quantized values, common scalefactor, and individual scalefactors.

## Claims

### Claim 1

An audio coding device for encoding an audio signal, comprising:
a spatial transform unit that subjects samples of a given audio signal to a spatial transform process, thereby producing transform coefficients grouped into a plurality of subbands according to frequency ranges thereof;
a quantization step size calculator that estimates quantization noise from a representative value selected out of the transform coefficients of each subband, and calculates in an approximative way a quantization step size for each subband from the estimated quantization noise, as well as from a masking power threshold that is determined from psycho-acoustic characteristics;
a quantizer that quantizes the transform coefficients, based on the calculated quantization step sizes, so as to produce quantized values of the transform coefficients;
a scalefactor calculator that calculates a common scalefactor and an individual scalefactor for each subband from the quantization step sizes, the common scalefactor serving as an offset applicable to an entire frame of the audio signal; and
a coder that encodes at least one of the quantized values, the common scalefactor, and the individual scalefactors,
wherein the quantization step size calculator estimates the quantization noise for nonlinear compression by calculating first an approximate quantization noise of the selected representative value and then multiplying the approximate quantization noise by a correction coefficient.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The audio coding device according to claim 1, wherein:
the quantization of the selected representative value Xa of the transform coefficients is expressed as
|xa|^(¾)*2^(−3q/16)−0.0946
where q represents the quantization step size; and
the quantization step size calculator calculates the approximate quantization noise Na of |Xa↑^(¾), the correction coefficient r, and the quantization noise N as follows:
Na=2^(3q/16)/2n where n=0,1,2, . . .
r=|Xa|/|Xa|^(¾)=|Xa|^(¼)
N=Na*r=2^((3q/16)−n)*|Xa|^(¼).

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The audio coding device according to claim 1, wherein the quantization step size calculator calculates the quantization step size q in an approximative way by using a formula of:
q=[log2{M^(½)*|Xa|^(−¼)}+n]*16/3
where n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, and so on, M represents the masking power threshold, and Xa represents the representative value of the transform coefficients.

### Claim 4 (depends on 1)

The audio coding device according to claim 1, wherein:
the scalefactor calculator chooses a maximum value of the quantization step size of each subband as a common scalefactor; and
the scalefactor calculator calculates the individual scalefactor of each subband by subtracting the quantization step size of that subband from the common scalefactor.

### Claim 5 (depends on 1)

The audio coding device according to claim 1, wherein the coder advances encoding tasks thereof from lower subbands to higher subbands until the number of coded bits reaches a given limit.

### Claim 6

An MPEG-AAC encoder for coding multi-channel audio signals, comprising:
(a) a quantization/coding controller, comprising:
a psycho-acoustic analyzer that calculates masking power thresholds by analyzing samples of a given audio signal with a Fourier transform technique,
a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) unit that subjects the samples to an MDCT process, thereby producing transform coefficients that are grouped into a plurality of subbands according to frequency ranges thereof,
a quantization step size calculator that estimates quantization noise from a representative value selected out of the transform coefficients of each subband, and calculates in an approximative way a quantization step size for each subband from the estimated quantization noise, as well as from a masking power threshold that is determined from psycho-acoustic characteristics,
a quantizer that quantizes the transform coefficients, based on the calculated quantization step sizes, so as to produce quantized values of the transform coefficients,
a scalefactor calculator that calculates a common scalefactor and an individual scalefactor for each subband from the quantization step sizes, the common scalefactor serving as an offset applicable to an entire frame of the audio signal, and
a coder that encodes at least one of the quantized values, the common scalefactor, and the individual scalefactors; and
(b) a bit reservoir that serves as a buffer for temporarily storing data bits during a Huffman encoding process to enable flexible allocation of frame bit space in an adaptive manner,
wherein the quantization step size calculator estimates the quantization noise for nonlinear compression by calculating first an approximate quantization noise of the selected representative value and then multiplying the approximate quantization noise by a correction coefficient.

### Claim 7 (depends on 6)

The MPEG-AAC encoder according to claim 6, wherein:
the quantization of the selected representative value Xa of the transform coefficients is expressed as
|xa|^(¾)*2^(−3q/16)−0.0946
where q represents the quantization step size;
the quantization step size calculator calculates the approximate quantization noise Na of |Xa|^(¾), the correction coefficient r, and the quantization noise N as
Na=2^(3q/16)/2n where n=0,1,2, . . .
r=|Xa|/|Xa|^(¾)=|Xa|^(¼)
N=Na*r=2^((3q/16)−n)*|Xa|^(¼).

### Claim 8 (depends on 6)

The MPEG-AAC encoder according to claim 6, wherein the quantization step size calculator calculates the quantization step size q in an approximative way by using a formula of:
q=[log2{MA(½)*|Xa|^(−¼)}+n]*16/3
where n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, and so on, M represents the masking power threshold, and Xa represents the representative value of the transform coefficients.

### Claim 9 (depends on 6)

The MPEG-AAC encoder according to claim 6, wherein:
the scalefactor calculator chooses a maximum value of the quantization step size of each subband as a common scalefactor; and
the scalefactor calculator calculates the individual scalefactor of each subband by subtracting the quantization step size of that subband from the common scalefactor.

### Claim 10 (depends on 6)

The MPEG-AAC encoder according to claim 6, wherein the coder advances encoding tasks thereof from lower subbands to higher subbands until the number of coded bits reaches a given limit.

### Claim 11

A method of calculating individual and common scalefactors to determine quantization step sizes for use in quantization of an audio signal, the method comprising:
subjecting samples of a given audio signal to a spatial transform process, thereby producing transform coefficients grouped into a plurality of subbands according to frequency ranges thereof;
a quantization step size calculator, performing:
estimating quantization noise from a representative value selected out of the transform coefficients of each subband;
calculating in an approximative way a quantization step size for each subband from the estimated quantization noise, as well as from a masking power threshold that is determined from psycho-acoustic characteristics;
choosing a maximum value of the quantization step size of each subband as a common scalefactor that gives an offset of an entire frame of the audio signal; and
calculating an individual scalefactor of each subband by subtracting the quantization step size of that subband from the common scalefactor,
wherein the quantization step size calculator estimates the quantization noise for nonlinear compression by calculating first an approximate quantization noise of the selected representative value and then multiplying the approximate quantization noise by a correction coefficient.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method according to claim 11, wherein:
the quantization of the selected representative value Xa of the transform coefficients is expressed as
|xa|^(¾)*2^(−3q/16)−0.0946
where q represents the quantization step size; and
the quantization step size calculator calculates the approximate quantization noise Na of |Xa|^(¾), the correction coefficient r, and the quantization noise N as follows:
Na=2^(3q/16)/2n where n=0,1,2, . . .
r=|Xa|/|Xa|^(¾)=|Xa|^(¼)
N=Na*r=2^((3q/16)−n)*|Xa|^(¼).

### Claim 13 (depends on 11)

The method according to claim 11, wherein the quantization step size calculator calculates the quantization step size q in an approximative way by using a formula of:
q=[log2{MA(½)*|Xa|^(−¼)}+n]*16/3
where n is an integer of 0, 1, 2, and so on, M represents the masking power threshold, and Xa represents the representative value of the transform coefficients.