# US 7,612,625 B2 · Bang-bang architecture > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 7,612,625 B2 - Document ID: US7612625B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 12/070,440 - Filed: 2008-02-19 - Published: 2009-08-20 - Granted: 2009-11-03 - Earliest claimed: 2008-02-19 - Assignees: Intel Corporation - Inventors: Miaobin Gao; Yu-Li Hsueh; Chien-Chang Liu - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US7612625B2 ## CPC - H03L 7/0891: {the up-down pulses controlling source and sink current generators, e.g. a charge pump} - H03B 5/1215: {the current source or degeneration circuit being in common to both transistors of the pair, e.g. a cross-coupled long-tailed pair} - H03B 5/1228: {the amplifier comprising one or more field effect transistors} - H03B 5/124: {the means comprising a voltage dependent capacitance} - H03B 5/1271: {the frequency being controlled by a control current, i.e. current controlled oscillators} - H03B 5/1293: {having means for achieving a desired tuning characteristic, e.g. linearising the frequency characteristic across the tuning voltage range} - H03L 7/089: the phase or frequency detector generating up-down pulses (H03L7/087 takes precedence) - H03L 7/099: concerning mainly the controlled oscillator of the loop - H03L: AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES (generation of oscillations H03B) - H03B: GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS (generators adapted for electrophonic musical instruments G10H; masers or lasers H01S; generation of oscillations in plasma H05H) ## Abstract In one embodiment, the present invention includes an apparatus having a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to generate a first clock signal having a frequency controlled by a bias current coupling ratio of first and second bias currents, and a control circuit coupled to the VCO to generate a first pair of control signals to adjust the bias current coupling ratio. Other embodiments are described and claimed. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An apparatus comprising: a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) including a first tank, wherein the first tank is to generate a first clock signal having a first frequency controlled by a bias current coupling ratio of a first bias current and a second bias current provided to the first tank; and a control circuit coupled to the VCO to generate a first pair of control signals to adjust the bias current coupling ratio. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is to generate the first pair of control signals having first and second values responsive to a first signal received from a phase frequency detector (PFD) coupled to receive the first clock signal, the PFD to generate the first signal when the first clock signal is less than a data rate of incoming data to the PFD. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is to generate the first pair of control signals having third and fourth values responsive to a second signal received from the PFD when the first clock signal is greater than the data rate, wherein the third value equals the second value and the fourth value equals the first value. ### Claim 4 (depends on 2) The apparatus of claim 2, further comprising a charge pump coupled to an output of the PFD and to cause a control voltage to be provided to the VCO to generate a center frequency of the first clock signal responsive thereto. ### Claim 5 (depends on 4) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the apparatus comprises a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit including the PFD and the charge pump, the CDR circuit having a loop filter formed of a single external capacitor to generate the control voltage from a signal output by the PFD. ### Claim 6 (depends on 5) The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the CDR circuit comprises a referenceless CDR circuit. ### Claim 7 (depends on 4) The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the control circuit includes: a first differential pair of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) including a first MOSFET gated by the first signal to provide a first bang-bang current to a first output node, and a second MOSFET gated by the first signal to provide a second bang-bang current to a second output node; and a second differential pair of MOSFETs including a third MOSFET gated by the second signal to provide a third bang-bang current to the second output node, and a fourth MOSFET gated by the second signal to provide a fourth bang-bang current to the first output node. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first output node is coupled to the VCO to merge the first and fourth bang-bang currents with an output of a first current source. ### Claim 9 (depends on 8) The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the second output node is coupled to the VCO to merge the second and third bang-bang currents with an output of a second current source, and wherein the first current source is controlled responsive to the control voltage. ### Claim 10 A method comprising: receiving a first signal in a control circuit responsive to an indication that a frequency of a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is different than a frequency of incoming data to a receiver including the VCO; generating a first control signal having a current value responsive to the first signal; and providing the first control signal to a first bias node of the VCO to adjust the VCO frequency in accordance with a change in a bias current coupling ratio between a first bias current and a second bias current, the first bias current including the first control signal. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, further comprising providing first and second control signals, each having equal values, to first and second bias nodes of the VCO, respectively, if the VCO frequency is substantially equal to the incoming data frequency. ### Claim 12 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10, further comprising: generating the first control signal having the current value equal to twice a bang-bang value; and providing the first control signal to the first bias node to increase the VCO frequency in accordance with the change in the bias current coupling ratio. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising receiving the first signal from a phase frequency detector (PFD) coupled to receive the VCO frequency and the incoming data. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising generating a control voltage to generate a center frequency of the VCO responsive to the first and second control signals, using a single external capacitor coupled to the receiver. ### Claim 15 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, wherein the first control signal has no current value if the VCO frequency is higher than the incoming data frequency. ### Claim 16 (depends on 11) The method of claim 11, wherein the VCO comprises a quadrature tank-based VCO. ### Claim 17 A system comprising: a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit including: a detector to receive incoming data and a clock signal from a tank oscillator, the detector to generate first and second signals indicative of a frequency relationship between the incoming data and the clock signal; a controller coupled to receive the first and second signals from the detector and to generate a first adjustable current and a second adjustable current responsive thereto; and the tank oscillator to receive the first and second adjustable currents and to generate the clock signal having a frequency according to a ratio between a first bias current including the first adjustable current and a second bias current including the second adjustable current; and an optical-to-electrical converter coupled to the CDR circuit to provide the incoming data to the CDR circuit. ### Claim 18 (depends on 17) The system of claim 17, further comprising a charge pump coupled to an output of the detector and to generate a charge signal to cause a control voltage to be provided to the tank oscillator to generate a center frequency of the clock signal. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The system of claim 18, further comprising a loop filter coupled between the charge pump and the tank oscillator having a single external capacitor to generate the control voltage. ### Claim 20 (depends on 17) The system of claim 17, wherein the controller includes: a first differential pair of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) including a first MOSFET gated when the first signal is active to provide a first current to a first output node, and a second MOSFET gated when the first signal is inactive to provide the first current to a second output node; and a second differential pair of MOSFETs including a third MOSFET gated when the second signal is active to provide a second current to the second output node, and a fourth MOSFET gated when the second signal is inactive to provide the second current to the first output node. ### Claim 21 (depends on 17) The system of claim 17, wherein the controller is to generate the first adjustable current having a first current value when a data rate of the incoming data is substantially equal to the clock signal and to generate the first adjustable current having a second current value that is substantially double the first current value when the data rate is less than the clock signal. ### Claim 22 (depends on 21) The system of claim 21, wherein the controller is to generate the first adjustable current having substantially no current value when the data rate is higher than the clock signal.