# US 7,612,608 B2 · Sigma-delta based Class D audio or servo amplifier with load noise shaping > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 7,612,608 B2 - Document ID: US7612608B2 - Status: Granted - Kind: B2 - Application number: 11/839,600 - Filed: 2007-08-16 - Published: 2008-02-21 - Granted: 2009-11-03 - Earliest claimed: 2006-08-16 - Assignees: Intrinsix Corporation - Inventors: Mucahit Kozak; Eugene Petilli - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US7612608B2 ## CPC - H03F 3/217: Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers - H03F 1/32: Modifications of amplifiers to reduce non-linear distortion (by negative feedback H03F1/34) - H03F 2200/03: the amplifier being designed for audio applications - H03F 2200/331: Sigma delta modulation being used in an amplifying circuit - H03F 2200/351: Pulse width modulation being used in an amplifying circuit - H03F 2200/372: Noise reduction and elimination in amplifier - H03F: AMPLIFIERS ## Abstract An amplifier capable of driving an analog load is provided. The amplifier can be constructed and arranged to operate as at least one circuit selected from the group consisting of a class D amplifier, voltage regulator, audio amplifier, servo amplifier, servo control, digital control, switching power supply, and switching power amplifier. The amplifier comprises a sigma delta modulator (SDM), a pulse processing circuit, an output stage, and a feedback loop. The SDM produces a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses based upon an input signal (e.g., an analog input signal) to the amplifier and an error signal. The pulse processing circuit processes at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise-shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other pulses. The output stage is coupled to the pulse processing circuit and has first state wherein the output stage provides analog noise-shaped output energy pulses to a load and a second state where the output energy delivered is essentially zero. The feedback loop is coupled between the output stage and the SDM. The feedback loop samples the energy provided to the load during the first state by measuring the load during the second state and generates an error signal based on the difference between the sampled portion of the noise-shaped output pulses and the input signal to the amplifier. ## Claims ### Claim 1 An amplifier capable of driving an analog load, the amplifier comprising: a sigma delta modulator (SDM) producing a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses based upon an analog input signal to the amplifier and an error signal; a pulse processing circuit, the pulse processing circuit processing at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise-shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other noise-shaped output pulses; an output stage coupled to the pulse processing circuit, the output stage having a first state wherein the output stage provides analog noise-shaped output energy pulses to a load and a second state where an output energy delivered is essentially zero; and a feedback loop coupled between an output of the output stage and an input of the SDM, the feedback loop sampling the analog noise-shaped output energy pulses provided to the load during the first state by measuring the load during the second state, and generating an error signal based on the difference between the sampled analog noise-shaped output energy pulses and the input digital signal to the amplifier. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the feedback loop further comprises a load current sensor coupled to the output of the output stage, the load current sensor sampling a current to the load when the output stage delivers essentially zero output energy to the load. ### Claim 3 (depends on 2) The amplifier of claim 2, wherein the feedback loop further comprises an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, the A/D converter converting a plurality of analog noise-shaped output energy pulses from the output stage to a corresponding plurality of digital pulses. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the output stage comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of an H-bridge, an output driver, a switching output stage, boost output stage, buck-boost output stage, a Class-D switching stage, and a tri-state buffer. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, further comprising a filter coupled between the output stage and the load, the filter constructed and arranged to suppress at least a portion of the noise associated with the noise shaped output energy pulses. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the amplifier further comprises a difference amplifier coupled between the feedback loop and the SDM, the difference amplifier subtracting the error signal from the input signal to the amplifier. ### Claim 7 (depends on 6) The amplifier of claim 6, wherein the amplifier further comprises a loop filter coupled between the difference amplifier and the SDM, the loop filter receiving the combined input and feedback signals and providing a filtered input signal to the SDM. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The amplifier of claim 7, wherein the loop filter comprises an integrator. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pulse processing circuit comprises a circuit capable of equalizing switching transitions that occur in the SDM. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pulse processing circuit comprises a half return to zero (HRZ) circuit. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pulse processing circuit comprises a return-to-zero (RTZ) circuit. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the pulse processing circuit ensures that each noise-shaped output energy pulse contains the same number of rising and falling edges. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The amplifier of claim 12, wherein the SDM and pulse processing circuit are coupled to a clock signal and wherein the output stage is configured to be in the second state during a return-to-zero portion of the clock signal. ### Claim 14 (depends on 8) The amplifier of claim 8, wherein the feedback loop samples the analog noise shaped output energy pulses during a portion of the clock signal when the output stage is disconnected from the load. ### Claim 15 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the amplifier is constructed and arranged to operate as at least one circuit selected from the group consisting of a class D amplifier, voltage regulator, audio amplifier, servo amplifier, servo control, digital control, switching power supply, and switching power amplifier. ### Claim 16 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, wherein the feedback loop further comprises a junction coupled between the analog input signal, the SDM and the sampled output of the output stage, wherein the junction subtracts the analog sampled noise shaped output energy pulses from the analog input signal and provides the resultant error signal to the SDM. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1) The amplifier of claim 1, further comprising a filter coupled between the output stage and the load, the filter constructed and arranged to suppress at least a portion of noise associated with the noise-shaped output pulses. ### Claim 18 A method of driving an analog load with an analog input signal, the method comprising: receiving an analog input signal; converting the analog input signal to a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses; processing at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other noise-shaped output pulses; obtaining a sample of energy delivered by at least a portion of the processed noise-shaped output pulses; generating an error signal based on the difference between the sampled processed noise-shaped output pulses; and using the error signal during the conversion of the input signal to a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses. ### Claim 19 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, further comprising ensuring that each noise-shaped output pulse contains the same number of rising and falling edges. ### Claim 20 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18 further comprising switchably providing the processed noise-shaped output pulses to a load, wherein during at least a first portion of time the processed noise-shaped output pulses are provided to a load and during at least a second portion of time the load receives essentially zero output energy. ### Claim 21 (depends on 20) The method of claim 20 wherein the sample is obtained during the second portion of time. ### Claim 22 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, wherein the conversion of the analog input signal and the processing of the noise-shaped output pulses are synchronized with a clock signal and wherein the sample is obtained during a return-to-zero (RTZ) portion of the clock signal. ### Claim 23 (depends on 18) The method of claim 18, further comprising providing the processed portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to a load. ### Claim 24 (depends on 18) The amplifier of claim 18, further comprising filtering the error signal so as to minimize the effect of the error signal on a noise-shaping characteristic of the SDM. ### Claim 25 A system for driving an analog load with an analog signal, the system comprising: means for receiving an analog input signal; means for converting the analog input signal to a plurality of noise shaped output pulses; means for processing at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other noise-shaped output pulses; means for obtaining a sample of at least a portion of the processed noise-shaped output pulses; means for generating an error signal based on the difference between the sampled processed noise-shaped output pulses and the input signal; and means for using the error signal to create the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses. ### Claim 26 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, further comprising means for suppressing at least a portion of noise associated with the noise shaped output pulses before the noise-shaped output pulses are provided to a load. ### Claim 27 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, further comprising means for ensuring that each noise-shaped output pulse contains the same number of rising edges as falling edges. ### Claim 28 (depends on 25) The system of claim 25, wherein the system is constructed and arranged to operate as at least one circuit selected from the group consisting of a class D amplifier, voltage regulator, audio amplifier, servo amplifier, servo control, servo power driver, digital control, switching power supply, and switching power amplifier. ### Claim 29 An article of manufacture, comprising: a computer useable medium and computer readable code embodied on the computer useable medium for driving an analog load with an analog signal, the computer readable code comprising: computer readable program code devices configured to receive an analog input signal; computer readable program code devices configured to convert the analog input signal to a plurality of noise shaped output pulses; computer readable program code devices configured to process at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other noise-shaped output pulses; computer readable program code devices configured to obtain a sample of at least a portion of the processed noise-shaped output pulses; computer readable program code devices configured to generate an error signal based on the difference between the sampled processed noise-shaped output pulses; and computer readable program code devices configured to use the error signal during the conversion of the analog input signal to a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses. ### Claim 30 (depends on 29) The article of manufacture of claim 29, further comprising computer readable program code devices configured to ensure that each noise-shaped output pulse contains the same number of rising edges as falling edges. ### Claim 31 (depends on 29) The article of manufacture of claim 29, further comprising computer readable program code devices configured to switchably provide the processed noise-shaped output pulses to a load, wherein during at least a first portion of time the processed noise-shaped output pulses are provided to a load and during at least a second portion of time the load receives essentially zero output energy. ### Claim 32 (depends on 31) The article of manufacture of claim 31, further comprising computer readable program code devices configured to obtain the sample during the second portion of time. ### Claim 33 (depends on 29) The article of manufacture of claim 29, further comprising computer readable program code devices configured to synchronize the conversion of the analog input signal and the processing of the noise-shaped pulses with a clock signal and computer readable program code devices configured to obtain the sample during a return-to-zero (RTZ) portion of the clock signal. ### Claim 34 A signal path, comprising: a sigma delta modulator (SDM) receiving an analog input signal and producing a plurality of noise-shaped output pulses based upon the analog input and an error signal; a pulse processing circuit, the pulse processing circuit processing at least a portion of the plurality of noise-shaped output pulses to ensure that each of the noise-shaped output pulses in the portion contains an amount of energy that is as close as possible to the amount of energy in the other noise-shaped output pulses; an output stage coupled to the pulse processing circuit, the output stage having a first state wherein the output stage is capable of providing analog noise-shaped output pulses to a load and a second state where the output stage is delivers essentially zero output energy to the load; and a feedback loop coupled between an output of the output stage and an input of the SDM, the feedback loop sampling at least a portion of the noise-shaped output pulses provided by the output stage when the output stage is in the second state, and generating an error signal based on the difference between the sampled portion of the noise-shaped output pulses and the input analog signal to the amplifier. ### Claim 35 (depends on 34) The signal path of claim 34, wherein the output stage comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of an H-bridge, an output driver, a switching output stage, a Class-D switching stage, and a tri-state buffer. ### Claim 36 (depends on 34) The signal path of claim 34, wherein the pulse processing circuit ensures that each noise-shaped output pulse contains the same number of rising edges as falling edges. ### Claim 37 (depends on 34) The signal path of claim 34, wherein the pulse processing circuit comprises a zero returning circuit, the zero returning circuit comprising at least one of a circuit selected from the group consisting of a half return-to-zero (HRZ) circuit and a return-to-zero (RTZ) circuit. ### Claim 38 (depends on 37) The signal path of claim 37, wherein the SDM and the zero returning circuit are coupled to a clock signal and wherein the feedback loop samples the portion of the noise shaped output pulses during a portion of the clock signal when the output stage is disconnected from the load. ### Claim 39 (depends on 34) The signal path of claim 34, wherein the feedback loop further comprises an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, the A/D converter converting a plurality of analog noise-shaped output pulses from the output stage to a corresponding plurality of digital pulses. ### Claim 40 (depends on 34) The signal path of claim 34, wherein the signal path is part of at least one circuit selected from the group consisting of a class D amplifier, voltage regulator, audio amplifier, servo amplifier, servo control, digital control, switching power supply, and switching power amplifier. ### Claim 41 (depends on 16) The amplifier of claim 16, wherein the amplifier further comprises a loop filter coupled between the junction and the SDM, the loop filter filtering the error signal so as to minimize the effect of the error signal on a noise shaping characteristic of the SDM.