Compounds, compositions, and methods employing same

A method for promoting apoptosis in a cell of a mammal comprising identifying a mammal in need of the promoting of apoptosis, and treating the mammal with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to Formula 2n:

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein,
• R0 is hydroxyl;
• Z is O, N(Rz) (Rz is H or C1-6 alkyl), or S;
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R11-R18 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, —C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• R4 represents (1) haloalkyl;
• (2) (C2-6 alkoxy)C2-6 alkyl;
• (3) -Ak-O—R8, -Ak-R8 or -Ak(R8R9), wherein Ak is C2-6 alkylene, R8 and R9 are independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl;
• each being optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from
• (a) halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R42 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycloxy, heterocycloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl.

A method for promoting apoptosis in a cell of a mammal, comprising identifying a mammal in need of the promoting of apoptosis, and treating the mammal with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to Formula 2p:

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R11-R25 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, —C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40 , —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40), —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 halo alkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl.

A compound having a structure according to Formula 2p:

• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R15 -R20, and R22-R25 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl, and
• wherein R11, R12 and R14 are H:
• R13 is halo;
• and R21 is halo or C1-6 haloalkyl.

A method for promoting apoptosis in a cell of a mammal, comprising identifying a mammal in need of the promoting of apoptosis, and treating a mammal with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to Formula 2q:

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• Z is O, N(Rz) (Rz is H or C1-6 alkyl), or S;
• R4a is C1-6 alkylene;
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R11-R18 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, —C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• R4 represents C1-6 haloalkyl;
• (C2-6 alkoxy)C2-6 alkyl;
• R8;
• -Ak-O—R8;
• -Ak-R8 or -Ak(R8R9), wherein Ak is lower alkyl, R8 and R9 are independently selected from (1) cycloalkyl, (2) aryl, (3) heterocycle, or (4) heteroaryl;
• each being optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycloxy, heterocycloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-40 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• with the proviso that when Z is S, R4 is not bicyclic heteroaryl.

A method for promoting apoptosis in a cell of a mammal, comprising identifying a mammal in need of the promoting of apoptosis, and treating a mammal with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to Formula 2r:

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• R0 is hydroxyl;
• Z is O, N(Rz) (Rz is H or C1-6 alkyl), or S;
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R11-R18 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, —C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• each RA when present is selected from the group consisting of
• (a) halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., C1-6 alkyl-SO2—), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, —CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycloxy, heterocycloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., C1-6 alkyl-SO2—), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• (e) two adjacent RA can be taken together to form a carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl, or heteroaryl ring fused to the phenyl ring where the resultant bicyclic ring system is substituted with 1-3 substitutents selected from the group consisting of halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., C1-6 alkyl-SO2—), C1-10 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• wherein G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or −N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl), wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl,
• with the provision that the compound is not 5-chloro-N-[3-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-hydroxy-benzamide or 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-N-[3-(2-naphthalenyloxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-benzamide.

A compound having a structure

• and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• R13 is a halo;
• R16 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, and C1-6 alkoxy;
• and
• each RA is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42—C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 and —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• wherein G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R41 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, —OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH (R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or −N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH (R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle (e.g., piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, and morpholinyl), wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl.

A method for promoting apoptosis in a cell of a mammal, comprising identifying a mammal in need of the promoting of apoptosis, and treating a mammal with a therapeutically effective amount of a compound having a structure according to Formula 2s:

• or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein
• R0 is hydroxyl;
• Z is O, N(Rz) (Rz is H or C1-6 alkyl), or S;
• R5 is H or C1-6 alkyl;
• R11-R18 are independently selected from
• (a) H, halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, —C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl (i.e., —SO2—C1-6 alkyl), C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• R4 represents (1) haloalkyl;
• (2) (C2-6 alkoxy)C2-6 alkyl;
• (3) -Ak-O—R8, -Ak-R8 or -Ak(R8R9), wherein Ak is C2-6 alkylene, R8 and R9 are independently selected from cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle or heteroaryl;
• each being optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from
• (a) halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, and CN,
• (b) C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 alkylthiol, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R50)(R51), —N(R50)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41,
• (c) carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, carbocycloxy, heterocycloxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, each of which being optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, sulfone, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C1-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C1-6 alkylsulfonamide, carbocycle, heterocycle, aryl, heteroaryl, —N(R52)(R53), —N(R52)C(═O)R42, —N(R52)C(═O)N(R55)(R53), —C(═O)N(R52)(R53), —OC(═O)N(R52)(R53), —C(═O)R42, —OC(═O)R42, —C(═G1)R42, —G2C(═G1)R42, —(R52)G2C(═G1)R42, —C(═G1)G2R43, or —G4C(═G1)G2R43,
• (d) —N(R50)(R51), —N(R51)C(═O)R40, —N(R50)C(═O)N(R54)(R51), —C(═O)N(R50)(R51), —OC(═O)N(R50)(R51), —C(═O)R40, —OC(═O)R40, —C(═G1)R40, —G2C(═G1)R40, —(R50)G2C(═G1)R40, —C(═G1)G2R41 or —G3C(═G1)G2R41;
• G1 is S or N;
• G2 and G3 are independently S or N(R50);
• G4 is N(R52);
• R40 is selected from:
• H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R40 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R41 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R4, is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl;
• R42 is selected from:
• H, OH, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl, C2-6 alkynyl, C1-6 alkoxy, C2-6 alkenyloxy, C2-6 alkynyloxy, and C1-6 alkylthiol, wherein R42 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R43 is H, C1-6 alkyl, C2-6 alkenyl or C2-6 alkynyl, wherein R43 is optionally substituted with from one to three substituents independently selected from halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN and C1-6 alkyl;
• R50, R51 and R54 are independently H, OH(R50 and R51 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-10 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, wherein R50 and R51 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl;
• and
• R52, R53 and R55 are independently H, OH(R52 and R53 are not both OH), C1-10 alkyl, C2-10 alkenyl, C2-10 alkynyl, C1-10 alkoxy, C1-10 alkylthiol, C2-10 alkenyloxy, C2-10 alkynyloxy, C1-40 haloalkyl, C2-6 hydroxyalkyl, C1-6 alkyl-O—C1-6 alkyl-, or R52 and R53 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are both linked form a 3, 4, 5 or 6-membered heterocycle, wherein R52 and R53 each is optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents wherein each substituent is independently halo, N3, nitro, hydroxy, thiol, CN, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 haloalkyl, C1-6 alkoxy, —C(═O)N(R54)(R55), R44C(═O)— or —N(R54)(R55), wherein R54 and R55 are independently H, OH or C1-4 alkyl, and wherein R44 is H or C1-4 alkyl.