A treatment of waste process comprises oxidizing mixed waste by (a) dissolution of transuranic elements plutonium, neptunium, americium, curium, and californium, and/or compounds thereof in transuranic waste (TRUW), low level waste (LLW), low level mixed waste (LLMW), special case waste (SCW), and greater than class C (GTCC) LLW;
- (b) destruction of non-fluorocarbon organic component in the waste;
- or (c) decontamination of transuranic/actinide contaminated equipment, further comprising disposing an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell, separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portion and a catholyte portion with an ion-selective membrane, microporous plastic, porous ceramic or glass frit or semi permeable membrane, applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion and the catholyte portion, placing the mixed waste and/or transuranic/actinides materials in the anolyte portion, and oxidizing the mixed waste and/or transuranic/actinides materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator oxidizing species in aqueous solution and containing an acid, neutral or alkaline electrolytes, and wherein the mediator oxidizing species are simple anion redox couples described in Table I as below;
- Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation of Mo, W, V, Nb, Ta, or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms;
- Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation in to Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any of the elements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of these generic groups:
- TABLE I
- Simple Anion Redox Couples
- SPECIFIC
- SUB
- VAL-
- REDOX
- GROUP
- GROUP
- ELEMENT
- ENCE
- SPECIES
- COUPLES
- I
- A
- None
- B
- Copper
- +2
- Cu−2
- +2 Species/
- (Cu)
- (cupric)
- +3, +4 Species;
- HCuO2
- +3 Species/
- (bicuprite)
- +4 Species
- CuO2−2
- (cuprite)
- +3
- Cu+3
- CuO2−
- (cuprate)
- Cu2O3
- (sesquioxide)
- +4
- CuO2
- (peroxide)
- Silver (Ag)
- +1
- Ag+
- +1 Species/
- (argentous)
- +2, +3 Species;
- AgO−
- +2 Species/
- (argentite)
- +3 Species
- +2
- Ag−2
- (argentic)
- AgO (argen-
- tic oxide)
- +3
- AgO+
- (argentyl)
- Ag2O3
- (sesquioxide)
- Gold (Au)
- +1
- Au+
- +1 Species/
- (aurous)
- +3, +4 Species;
- +3
- Au+3 (auric)
- +3 Species/
- AuO−
- +4 Species
- (auryl)
- H3AuO3−
- (auric acid)
- H2AuO3−
- (mono-
- auarate)
- HAuO3−2
- (diaurate)
- AuO3−3
- (triaurate)
- Au2O3
- (auric oxide)
- Au(OH)3
- (auric
- hydroxide)
- +4
- AuO2
- (peroxide)
- II
- A
- Magnesium
- +2
- Mg+2
- +2 Species/
- (Mg)
- (magnesic)
- +4 Species
- +4
- MgO2
- (peroxide)
- Calcium
- +2
- Ca+2
- +2 Species/
- (Ca)
- +4
- CaO2
- +4 Species
- (peroxide)
- Strontium
- +2
- Sr+2
- +2 Species/
- +4
- SrO2
- +4 Species
- (peroxide)
- Barium
- +2
- Ba+2
- +2 Species/
- (Ba)
- +4
- BaO2
- +4 Species
- (peroxide)
- II
- B
- Zinc (Zn)
- +2
- Zn+2
- +2 Species/
- (zincic)
- +4 Species
- ZnOH+
- (zincyl)
- HZnO2−
- (bizincate)
- ZnO2−2
- (zincate)
- +4
- ZnO2
- (peroxide)
- Mercury
- +2
- Hg+2
- +2 Species/
- (Hg)
- (mercuric)
- +4 Species
- Hg(OH)2
- (mercuric
- hydroxide)
- HHgO2−
- (mercurate)
- +4
- HgO2
- (peroxide)
- III
- A
- Boron
- +3
- H3BO3
- +3 Species/
- (orthoboric
- +4.5, +5
- acid)
- Species
- H2BO3−,
- HBO3−2,
- BO3−3
- (ortho-
- borates)
- BO2−
- (metaborate)
- H2B4O7
- (tetraboric
- acid)
- HB4O7−/
- B4O7−2
- (tetraborates)
- B2O4−2
- (diborate)
- B6O10−2
- (hexaborate)
- +4.5
- B2O5−
- (diborate)
- +5
- BO3−/
- BO2−•H2O
- (perborate)
- Thallium
- +1
- Tl+1
- +1 Species/
- (Tl)
- (thallous)
- +3 or +3.33
- +3
- Tl+3
- Species;
- (thallic)
- +3 Species/
- TlO+,
- +3.33 Species
- TlOH+2,
- Tl(OH)2+
- (thallyl)
- Tl2O3
- (sesquioxide)
- Tl(OH)3
- (hydroxide)
- +3.33
- Tl3O5
- (peroxide)
- B
- See Rare
- Earths and
- Actinides
- IV
- A
- Carbon (C)
- +4
- H2CO3
- +4 Species/
- (carbonic
- +5, +6 Species
- acid)
- HCO3−
- (bicarbonate)
- CO3−2
- (carbonate)
- +5
- H2C2O6
- (perdicar-
- bonic acid)
- +6
- H2CO4
- (permono-
- carbonic
- acid)
- Germa-
- +4
- H2GeO3
- +4 Species/
- nium
- (germanic
- +6 Species
- (Ge)
- acid)
- HGeO3−
- (bigerma-
- niate)
- GeO3−4
- (germinate)
- Ge+4
- (germanic)
- GeO4−4
- H2Ge2O5
- (digermanic
- acid)
- H2Ge4O9
- (tetrager-
- manic acid)
- H2Ge5O11
- (pentager-
- manic acid)
- HGe5O11−
- (bipentager-
- manate)
- +6
- Ge5O11−2
- (pentager-
- manate)
- Tin (Sn)
- +4
- Sn+4
- +4 Species/
- (stannic)
- +7 Species
- HSnO3−
- (bistannate)
- SnO3−2
- (stannate)
- SnO2
- (stannic
- oxide)
- Sn(OH)4
- (stannic
- hydroxide)
- +7
- SnO4−
- (perstannate)
- Lead (Pb)
- +2
- Pb+2
- +2, +2.67, +3
- (plumbous)
- Species/+4
- HPbO2−
- Species
- (biplumbite)
- PbOH+
- PbO2−2
- (plumbite)
- PbO
- (plumbus
- oxide)
- +2.67
- Pb2O4
- (plumbo-
- plumbic
- oxide)
- +3
- Pb2O3
- (sequioxide)
- IV
- A
- Lead (Pb)
- +4
- Pb+4
- +2, +2.67, +3
- (plumbic)
- Species/+4
- PbO3−2
- Species
- (meta-
- plumbate)
- HPbO3−
- (acid meta-
- plumbate)
- PbO4−4
- (ortho-
- plumbate)
- PbO2
- (dioxide)
- IV
- B
- Titanium
- +4
- TiO+2
- +4 Species/
- (pertitanyl)
- +6 Species
- HTiO4−
- titanate)
- TiO2
- (dioxide)
- +6
- TiO2+2
- (pertitanyl)
- HTiO4−
- (acid
- pertitanate)
- TiO4−2
- (pertitanate)
- TiO3
- (peroxide)
- Zirconium
- +4
- Zr+4
- +4 Species/+5,
- (Zr)
- (zirconic)
- +6, +7 Species
- ZrO+2
- (zirconyl)
- HZrO3−
- (zirconate)
- +5
- Zr2O5
- (pentoxide)
- +6
- ZrO3
- (peroxide)
- +7
- Zr2O7
- (heptoxide)
- Hafnium
- +4
- Hf+4
- +4 Species/
- (Hf)
- (hafnic)
- +6 Species
- HfO+2
- (hafhyl)
- +6
- HfO3
- (peroxide)
- V
- A
- Nitrogen
- +5
- HNO3
- +5 species/
- (nitric acid)
- +7 Species
- NO3−
- (nitrate)
- +7
- HNO4
- (pernitric
- acid)
- Phosphorus
- +5
- H3PO4
- +5 Species/
- (P)
- (orthophos-
- +6, +7 species
- phoric acid)
- H2PO4−
- (monoortho-
- phosphate)
- HPO4−2
- (diortho-
- phosphate)
- PO4−3
- (triortho-
- phosphate)
- HPO3
- (metaphos-
- phoric acid)
- H4P2O7
- (pryophos-
- phoric acid)
- H5P3O10
- (triphos-
- phoric acid)
- H6P4O13
- (tetraphos-
- phoric acid)
- V
- A
- Phosphorus
- +6
- H4P2O8
- +5 Species/
- (P)
- (perphos-
- +6, +7 Species
- phoric acid)
- +7
- H3PO5
- (monoper-
- phosphoric
- acid)
- V
- A
- Arsenic (As)
- +5
- H3AsO4
- +5 Species/
- (ortho-
- +7 species
- arsenic acid)
- H2AsO4−
- (mono ortho-
- arsenate)
- HAsO4−2
- (di-ortho-
- arsenate)
- AsO4−3
- (tri-ortho-
- arsenate)
- AsO2+
- (arsenyl)
- +7
- AsO3+
- (perarsenyl)
- Bismuth
- +3
- Bi+3
- +3 Species/
- (Bi)
- (bismuthous)
- +3.5, +4, +5
- BiOH+2
- Species
- (hydroxy-
- bismuthous)
- BiO+
- (bismuthyl)
- BiO2−
- (meta-
- bismuthite)
- +3.5
- Bi4O7
- (oxide)
- +4
- Bi2O4
- (tetroxide)
- +5
- BiO3−
- (meta-
- bismuthite)
- Bi2O5
- (pentoxide)
- B
- Vanadium
- +5
- VO2+
- +5 Species/
- (V)
- (vanadic)
- +7, +9 Species
- H3V2O7−
- (pyro-
- vanadate)
- H2VO4−
- (ortho-
- vanadate)
- VO3−
- (meta-
- vanadate)
- HVO4−2
- (ortho-
- vanadate)
- VO4−3
- (ortho-
- vanadate)
- V2O5
- (pentoxide)
- H4V2O7
- (pyrovanadic
- acid)
- HVO3
- (metavanadic
- acid)
- H4V6O17
- (hexavanadic
- acid)
- +7
- VO4−
- (per-
- vanadate)
- +9
- VO5−
- (hyper-
- vanadate)
- V
- B
- Niobium
- +5
- NbO3−
- +5 Species/+7
- (Nb)
- (meta-
- species
- niobate)
- NbO4−3
- (ortho-
- niobate)
- Nb2O5
- (pentoxide)
- HNbO3
- (niobid acid)
- +7
- NbO4−
- (perniobate)
- Nb2O7
- (perniobic
- oxide)
- HNbO4
- (perniobic
- acid)
- Tantalum
- +5
- TaO3−
- +5 species/+7
- (Ta)
- (meta-
- species
- tantalate)
- TaO4−3
- (ortho-
- tanatalate)
- Ta2O5
- (pentoxide)
- HTaO3
- (tantalic
- acid)
- +7
- TaO4−
- (pen-
- tantalate)
- Ta2O7
- (per-
- tantalate)
- HTaO4•H2O
- (pertantalic
- acid)
- VI
- A
- Sulfur (S)
- +6
- H2SO4
- +6 Species/+7,
- (sulfuric
- +8 Species
- acid)
- HSO4−
- (bisulfate)
- SO4−2
- (sulfate)
- +7
- S2O8−2
- (diper-
- sulfate)
- +8
- H2SO5
- (momoper-
- sulfuric acid)
- Selenium
- +6
- H2Se2O4
- +6 species/+7
- (Se)
- (selenic acid)
- Species
- HSeO4−
- (biselenate)
- SeO4−2
- (selenate)
- +7
- H2Se2O8
- (perdiselenic
- acid)
- Tellurium
- +6
- H2TeO4
- +6 species/+7
- (Te)
- (telluric
- species
- acid)
- HTeO4−
- (bitellurate)
- TeO4−2
- (tellurate)
- +7
- H2Te2O8
- (perditellenic
- acid)
- Polonium
- +2
- Po+2
- +2, +4 species/
- (Po)
- (polonous)
- +6 Species
- +4
- PoO3−2
- (polonate)
- +6
- PoO3
- (peroxide)
- VI
- B
- Chromium
- +3
- Cr+3
- +3 Species/+4,
- (chromic)
- +6 Species;
- CrOH+2,
- +4 Species/
- Cr(OH)2+
- +6 Species
- (chromyls)
- CrO2−,
- CrO3−3
- (chromites)
- Cr2O3
- (chromic
- oxide)
- Cr(OH)3
- (chromic
- hydroxide)
- +4
- CrO2
- (dioxide)
- Cr(OH)4
- (hydroxide)
- +6
- H2CrO4
- (chromic
- acid)
- HCrO4−
- (acid
- chromate)
- CrO4−2
- (chromate)
- Cr2O7−2
- (dichromate)
- Molybdenum
- +6
- HMoO4−
- +6 Species/
- (Mo)
- (bi-
- +7 Species
- molybhate)
- MoO4−2
- (molydbate)
- MoO3
- (molybdic
- trioxide)
- H2MoO4
- (molybolic
- acid)
- +7
- MoO4−
- (per-
- molybdate)
- Tungsten
- +6
- WO4−2
- +6 Species/
- (W)
- tungstic)
- +8 Species
- WO3
- (trioxide)
- H2WO4
- (tungstic
- acid)
- +8
- WO5−2
- (pertungstic)
- H2WO5
- (pertungstic
- acid)
- VII
- A
- Chlorine
- +1
- HClO
- +1 Species/+3,
- (Cl)
- (hypo-
- +5, +7 Species;
- chlorous
- +3 Species/
- acid)
- +5, +7 Species;
- ClO−
- +5 Species/
- (hypo-
- +7 Species
- chlorite)
- +3
- HClO2
- (chlorous
- acid)
- ClO2−
- (chlorite)
- +5
- HClO3
- (chloric acid)
- ClO3
- (chlorate)
- +7
- HClO4
- (perchloric
- acid)
- ClO4−,
- HClO5−2,
- ClO5−3,
- Cl2O9−4
- (per-
- chlorates)
- VII
- A
- Bromine
- +1
- HBrO
- +1 Species/+3,
- (Br)
- (hypo-
- +5, +7 Species;
- bromous
- +3 Species/+5,
- acid)
- +7 Species;
- BrO−
- +5 Species/+7
- (hypo-
- Species
- bromitee)
- +3
- HBrO2
- (bromous
- acid)
- BrO2−
- (bromite)
- +5
- HBrO3
- (bromic
- acid)
- BrO3−
- (bromate)
- +7
- HBrO4
- (perbromic
- acid)
- BrO4−,
- HBrO5−2,
- BrO5−3,
- Br2O9−4
- (pre-
- bromates)
- Iodine
- +1
- HIO
- +1 Species/+3,
- (hypoiodus
- +5, +7 Species;
- acid)
- +3 Species/+5,
- IO−
- +7 Species;
- (hypoiodite)
- +5 Species/+7
- +3
- HIO2
- Species
- (iodous acid)
- IO2−
- (iodite)
- +5
- HIO3
- (iodic acid)
- IO3−
- (iodate)
- +7
- HIO4
- (periodic
- acid)
- IO4−,
- HIO5−2,
- IO5−3,
- I2O9−4
- (periodates)
- B
- Manganese
- +2
- Mn+2
- +2 Species/+3,
- (Mn)
- (manga-
- +4, +6, +7
- neous)
- Species;
- HMnO2−
- +3 Species/+4,
- (di-
- +6, +7 Species;
- manganite)
- +4 Species/+6,
- +3
- Mn+3
- +7 Species;
- (manganic)
- +6 Species/+7
- +4
- MnO2
- Species
- (dioxide)
- +6
- MnO4−2
- (manganate)
- +7
- MnO4−
- (per-
- manganate)
- VIII
- Period 4
- Iron (Fe)
- +3
- Fe+3
- +3 Species/+4,
- (ferric)
- +5, +6 Species;
- Fe(OH)+2
- Fe(OH)2+
- FeO2−2
- (ferrite)
- +4
- FeO+2
- +4 Species/
- (ferryl)
- +5, +6 Species;
- FeO2−2
- +5 Species/
- (perferrite)
- +6 Species
- +5
- FeO2+
- (perferryl)
- +6
- FeO4−2
- (ferrate)
- Cobalt (Co)
- +2
- Co+2
- +2 Species/
- (cobalous)
- +3, +4 Species;
- HCoO2−
- +3 Species/
- (dicobaltite)
- +4 Species
- +3
- Co+3
- (cobaltic)
- Co2O3
- (cobaltic
- oxide)
- +4
- CoO2
- (peroxide)
- H2CoO3
- (cobaltic
- acid)
- Nickel (Ni)
- +2
- Ni+2
- +2 Species/+3,
- (nickelous)
- +4, +6 Species;
- NiOH+
- +3 Species/
- HNiO2−
- +4, +6 Species;
- (dinickelite)
- +4 Species/
- NiO2−2
- +6 Species
- (nickelite)
- +3
- Ni+3
- (nickelic)
- Ni2O3
- (nickelic
- oxide)
- +4
- NiO2
- (peroxide)
- +6
- NiO4−2
- (nickelate)
- VIII
- Period 5
- Ruthenium
- +2
- Ru+2
- +2 Species/+3,
- (Ru)
- +3
- Ru+3
- +4, +5, +6, +7,
- Ru2O3
- +8 Species;
- (sesquioxide)
- +3 Species/+4,
- Ru(OH)2
- +5, +6, +7, +8
- (hydroxide)
- Species;
- +4
- Ru+4
- +4 Species/
- (ruthenic)
- +5, +6, +7, +8
- RuO2
- Species;
- (ruthenic
- +5 Species/+6,
- dioxide)
- +7, +8 Species;
- Ru(OH)4
- +6 Species/
- (ruthenic
- +7, +8 Species;
- hydroxide)
- +7 Species/
- +5
- Ru2O5
- +8 Species
- (pentoxide)
- +6
- RuO4−2
- (ruthenate)
- RuO2+2
- (ruthenyl)
- RuO3
- (trioxide)
- +7
- RuO4−
- (per-
- ruthenate)
- +8
- H2RuO4
- (hype-
- ruthenic
- acid)
- HRuO5−
- (diper-
- ruthenate)
- RuO4
- (ruthenium
- tetroxide)
- Rhodium
- +1
- Rh+
- +1 Species/+2,
- (Rh)
- (hypo-
- +3, +4, +6
- rhodous)
- Species;
- +2
- Rh+2
- +2 Species/+3,
- (rhodous)
- +4, +6 Species;
- +3
- Rh+3
- +3 Species/+4,
- (rhodic)
- +6 Species;
- Rh2O3
- +4 Species/+6
- (sesquioxide)
- Species
- +4
- RhO2
- (rhodic
- oxide)
- Rh(OH)4
- (hydroxide)
- +6
- RhO4−2
- (rhodate)
- RhO3
- (trioxide)
- Palladium
- +2
- Pd+2
- +2 Species/+3,
- (palladous)
- +4, +6 Species;
- PdO2−2
- +3 Species/
- (palladite)
- +4, +6 Species;
- +3
- Pd2O3
- +4 Species/
- (sesquioxide)
- +6 Species
- +4
- PdO3−2
- (palladate)
- PdO2
- (dioxide)
- Pd(OH)4
- (hydroxide)
- +6
- PdO3
- (peroxide)
- VIII
- Period 6
- Iridium (Ir)
- +3
- Ir+3
- +3 Species/
- (iridic)
- +4, +6 Species;
- Ir2O3
- +4 Species/
- (iridium
- +6 Species
- sesquioxide)
- Ir(OH)3
- (iridium
- hydroxide)
- +4
- IrO2
- (iridic oxide)
- Ir(OH)4
- (iridic
- hydroxide)
- +6
- IrO4−2
- (iridate)
- IrO3
- (iridium
- peroxide)
- Platinum
- +2
- Pt+2
- +2, +3 Species/
- (Pt)
- (platinous)
- +4, +6 Species;
- +3
- Pt2O3
- +4 Species/
- (sesquioxide)
- +6 Species
- +4
- PtO3−2
- (palatinate)
- PtO+2
- (platinyl)
- Pt(OH)+3
- PtO2
- (platonic
- oxide)
- +6
- PtO4−2
- (Per-
- platinate)
- PtO3
- (perplatinic
- oxide)
- IIIB
- Rare
- Cerium (Ce)
- +3
- Ce+3
- +3 Species/
- earths
- (cerous)
- +4, +6 Species;
- Ce2O3
- +4 Species/
- (cerous
- +6 Species
- oxide)
- Ce(OH)3
- (cerous
- hydroxide)
- +4
- Ce+4,
- Ce(OH)+3,
- Ce(OH)2+2,
- Ce(OH)3+
- (ceric)
- CeO2
- (ceric oxide)
- +6
- CeO3
- (peroxide)
- Praseo-
- +3
- Pr+3
- +3 species/+4
- dymium
- (praseo-
- species
- (Pr)
- dymous)
- Pr2O3
- (sesquioxide)
- Pr(OH)3
- (hydroxide)
- +4
- Pr+4
- (praseo-
- dymic)
- PrO2
- (dioxide)
- Neodymium
- +3
- Nd+3
- +3 Species/+4
- Nd2O3
- Species
- (sesquioxide)
- +4
- NdO2
- (peroxide)
- Terbium
- +3
- Tb+3
- +3 Species/+4
- (Tb)
- Tb2O3
- Species
- (sesquioxide)
- +4
- TbO2
- (peroxide)
- IIIB
- Acti-
- Thorium
- +4
- Th+4
- +4 Species/+6
- nides
- (Th)
- (thoric)
- Species
- ThO+2
- (thoryl)
- HThO3−
- (thorate)
- +6
- ThO3
- (acid
- peroxide)
- Uranium (U)
- +6
- UO2+2
- +6 Species/+8
- (uranyl)
- Species
- UO3
- (uranic
- oxide)
- +8
- HUO5−,
- UO5−2
- (peruranates)
- UO4
- (peroxide)
- Neptunium
- +5
- NpO2+
- +5 Species/+6,
- (Np)
- (hypo-
- +8 Species;
- neptunyl)
- +6 Species/+8
- Np2O5
- Species
- (pentoxide)
- +6
- NpO2+2
- (neptunyl)
- NpO3
- (trioxide)
- +8
- NpO4
- (peroxide)
- Plutonium
- +3
- Pu+3
- +3 Species/+4,
- (Pu)
- (hypo-
- +5, +6 Species;
- plutonous)
- +4 Species/+5,
- +4
- Pu+4
- +6 Species;
- (plutonous)
- +5 Species/+6
- PuO2
- Species
- (dioxide)
- +5
- PuO2+
- (hypo-
- plutonyl)
- Pu2O5
- (pentoxide)
- +6
- PuO2+2
- (plutonyl)
- PuO3
- (peroxide)
- Americium
- +3
- Am+3
- +3 Species/+4,
- (Am)
- (hypo-
- +5, +6 Species;
- americious)
- +4 Species/+5,
- +4
- Am+4
- +6 Species;
- (americous)
- +5 Species/+6
- AmO2
- Species
- (dioxide)
- Am(OH)4
- (hydroxide)
- +5
- AmO2+
- (hypo-
- americyl)
- Am2O5
- (pentoxide)
- +6
- AmO2+2
- (americyl)
- AmO3
- (peroxide)
- TABLE II
- Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in Heteropolyanion Complex
- Anion Redox Couple Mediators
- SUB
- GROUP
- GROUP
- ELEMENT
- I
- A
- Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and
- Cesium (Cs)
- B
- Copper (Cu), Silver (As), and Gold (Au)
- II
- A
- Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),
- Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba)
- B
- Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)
- III
- A
- Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al)
- B
- Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) - (See Rare Earths)
- IV
- A
- Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn)
- and Lead (Pb)
- B
- Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)
- V
- A
- Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
- Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi)
- B
- Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta)
- VI
- A
- Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te)
- B
- Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), and
- Tungsten (W)
- VII
- A
- Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and
- Iodine (I)
- B
- Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re)
- VIII
- Period 4
- Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
- Period 5
- Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
- Period 6
- Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
- IIIB
- Rare
- All
- Earths.