Procedure for preparing redox-active polymers on surfaces

A method of patterning redox-active polymers on a surface to form surface-bound redox-active polymers, said method comprising:

• providing a surface having attached thereto a linker bearing a reactive site or group and/or a redox-active molecule bearing a reactive site or group;
• providing redox-active molecules bearing at least a first reactive site or group and a second reactive site or group, wherein said first reactive site or group is a species reactive with said second reactive site or group, and said first reactive site or group and said second reactive site or group are the same species;
• and
• contacting said surface with said redox-active molecules, where said contacting is under conditions that result in the attachment of redox-active molecules to the linker via the first reactive site, and attachment of redox active molecules directly to each other via a reaction between the first reactive site or group on one redox-active molecule and the second reactive site or group on the attached redox-active molecule, thereby forming polymers attached to said surface where said polymers comprise at least two of said redox-active molecules.