Mediated electrochemical oxidation of biological waste materials

Apparatus for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a hydrogen or hydronium ion-permeable or selective membrane, disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the electrolyte into aqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, farther comprising an ultrasonic source connected to the anolyte for augmenting secondary oxidation processes by heating hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte to 4800° C., at 1000 atmospheres for dissociating hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals and thus increasing concentration of oxidizing species and rate of waste destruction and for irradiating biological cell membranes in biological waste materials to momentarily raise the temperature within the biological cell membranes to above several thousand degrees, causing biological cell membrane failure, creating greater exposure of biological cell contents to oxidizing species in the anolyte, and an ultraviolet source connected to the anolyte chamber for decomposing hydrogen peroxide and ozone into hydroxyl free radicals as secondary oxidizers and increasing efficiency of the process by recovering energy through the oxidation of the biological waste materials in the anolyte chamber by the secondary oxidizers.

Apparatus for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a hydrogen or hydronium ion-permeable or selective membrane, disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the electrolyte into aqueous anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, further comprising an ultrasonic source connected to the anolyte for augmenting secondary oxidation processes by heating hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte to 4800° C., at 1000 atmospheres for dissociating hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals and thus increasing concentration of oxidizing species and rate of waste destruction and for irradiating biological cell membranes in biological waste materials to momentarily raise the temperature within the biological cell membranes to above several thousand degrees, causing biological cell membrane failure, creating greater exposure of biological cell contents to oxidizing species in the anolyte, and an ultrasonic source connected to the anolyte for augmenting secondary oxidation processes by heating hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte to 4800° C., at 1000 atmospheres for dissociating hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl free radicals and thus increasing concentration of oxidizing species and rate of waste destruction and for irradiating cell membranes in biological materials to momentarily raise the temperature within the cell membranes to above several thousand degrees, causing cell membrane failure, and creating greater exposure of cell contents to oxidizing species in the anolyte.

A biological waste destruction system, comprising a housing constructed of metal or high strength plastic surrounding an electrochemical cell, with electrolyte and a foraminous basket, an AC power supply with a power cord, a DC power supply connected to the AC power supply, the DC power supply providing direct current to the electrochetnical cell, a control keyboard for input of commands and data, a monitor screen to display the systems operation and functions, an anolyte reaction chamber with a basket, status lights for displaying information about the status of the treatment of the biological waste material, an air sparge for introducing air into a catholyte reservoir below a suiface of a catholyte, a CO2 vent incorporated into the housing to allow for CO2 release from the anolyte reaction chamber, an atmospheric vent facilitating the releases of gases into the atmosphere from the catholyte reservoir, a hinged lid for opening and depositing the biological waste in the basket in the anolyte reaction chamber, a locking latch connected to the hinged lid, and in the anolyte reaction chamber an aqueous acid, alkali, or neutral salt electrolyte and mediated oxidizer species solution in which an oxidizer form of a mediator redox couple initially may be present or may be generated electrochemically after introduction of the waste and application of DC power to the electrochemical cell.

A biological waste oxidizing process, comprising an operator engaging an ‘ON’ button on a control keyboard, a system controller which contains a microprocessor, running a program and controlling a sequence of operations, a monitor screen displaying process steps in proper sequence, status lights on the panel providing status of the process, opening a lid and placing the biological waste in a basket as a liquid, solid, or a mixture of liquids and solids, retaining a solid portion of the waste and flowing a liquid portion through the basket and into an anolyte reaction chamber, activating a locking latch after the waste is placed in the basket, activating pumps which begins circulating the anolyteand a catholyte, once the circulating is established throughout the system, operating mixers, once flow is established, turning on thermal control units, and initiating anodic oxidation and electrolyte heating programs, energizing an electrochemical cell to electric potential and current density determined by the controller program, using programmed electrical power and electrolyte temperature ramps for maintaining a predetermined waste destruction rate profile as a relatively constant reaction rate as more reactive waste components are oxidized, thus resulting in the remaining waste becoming less and less reactive, thereby requiring more and more vigorous oxidizing conditions, activating ultrasonic and ultraviolet systems in the anolyte reaction chamber and catholyte reservoir, releasing CO2 from the biological waste oxidizing process in the anolyte reaction chamber, activating air sparge and atmospheric vent in a catholyte system, monitoring progress of the process in the controller by cell voltages and currents, monitoring CO2, CO, and O2 gas composition for CO2, CO and oxygen content, decomposing the biological waste into water and CO2, the latter being discharged out of the CO2 vent, air sparging drawing air into a catholyte reservoir, and discharging excess aw out of an atmospheric vent, determining with an oxidation sensor that desired degree of waste destruction has been obtained, setting the system to standby, and executing system shutdown using the controller keyboard system operator.

A process for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising disposing an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell, separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portion and a catholyte portion with an ion-selective membrane, semipermeable membrane, microporous polymer, porous ceramic, or glass flit, applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion and the catholyte portion, placing the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion, and oxidizing the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochernical oxidation (MEO) process, wherein the anolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as a mediator in aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, and wherein the mediator oxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couples described in Table I as below;

• (b) Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms;
• (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of(a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.)
• TABLE I
• Simple Ion Redox Couples
• SPECIFIC
• REDOX
• SUB
• ELE-
• VAL-
• COU-
• GROUP
• GROUP
• MENT
• ENCE
• SPECIES
• PLES
• I
• A
• None
• B
• Copper
• +2
• Cu−2 (cupric)
• +2
• (Cu)
• HCuO2 (bicuprite)
• Species/
• CuO2−2 (cuprite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Cu+3
• Species;
• CuO2− (cuprate)
• +3
• Cu2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CuO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Silver
• +1
• Ag+ (argentous)
• +1
• (Ag)
• AgO− (argentite)
• Species/
• +2
• Ag−2 (argentic)
• +2, +3
• AgO
• Species;
• (argentic oxide)
• +2
• +3
• AgO+ (argentyl)
• Species/
• Ag2O3
• +3 Species
• (sesquioxide)
• Gold (Au)
• +1
• Au+ (aurous)
• +1
• +3
• Au+3 (auric)
• Species/
• AuO− (auryl)
• +3, +4
• H3AuO3−
• Species;
• (auric acid)
• +3
• H2AuO3−
• Species/
• (monoauarate)
• +4 Species
• HAuO3−2 (diaurate)
• AuO3−3 (triaurate)
• Au2O3 (auric oxide)
• Au(OH)3
• (auric hydroxide)
• +4
• AuO2 (peroxide)
• II
• A
• Magne-
• +2
• Mg+2 (magnesic)
• +2
• sium (Mg)
• +4
• MgO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Calcium
• +2
• Ca+2
• +2
• (Ca)
• +4
• CaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Strontium
• +2
• Sr+2
• +2
• +4
• SrO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Barium
• +2
• Ba+2
• +2
• (Ba)
• +4
• BaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• II
• B
• Zinc (Zn)
• +2
• Zn+2 (zincic)
• +2
• ZnOH+ (zincyl)
• Species/
• HZnO2− (bizincate)
• +4 Species
• ZnO2−2 (zincate)
• +4
• ZnO2 (peroxide)
• Mercury
• +2
• Hg+2 (mercuric)
• +2
• (Hg)
• Hg(OH)2 (mercuric
• Species/
• hydroxide)
• +4 Species
• HHgO2−
• (mercurate)
• +4
• HgO2 (peroxide)
• III
• A
• Boron
• +3
• H3BO3
• +3
• (orthoboric acid)
• Species/
• H2BO3−, HBO3−2,
• +4.5, +5
• BO3−3 (orthoborates)
• Species
• BO2− (metaborate)
• H2B4O7
• (tetraboric acid)
• HB4O7−/B4O7−2
• (tetraborates)
• B2O4−2 (diborate)
• B6O10−2
• (hexaborate)
• +4.5
• B2O5− (diborate)
• +5
• BO3−/BO2−•H2O
• (perborate)
• Thallium
• +1
• Tl+1 (thallous)
• +1
• (Tl)
• +3
• Tl+3 (thallic)
• Species/
• TlO+, TlOH+2,
• +3 or
• Tl(OH)2+
• +3.33
• (thallyl)
• Species;
• Tl2O3
• +3
• (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• Tl(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +3.33
• +3.33
• Tl3O5 (peroxide)
• Species
• B
• See Rare Earths and Actinides
• IV
• A
• Carbon
• +4
• H2CO3
• +4
• (C)
• (carbonic acid)
• Species/
• HCO3−
• +5,
• (bicarbonate)
• +6 Species
• CO3−2 (carbonate)
• +5
• H2C2O6
• (perdicarbonic acid)
• +6
• H2CO4 (per-
• monocarbonic acid)
• Germani-
• +4
• H2GeO3
• +4
• um (Ge)
• (germanic acid)
• Species/
• HGeO3−
• +6 Species
• (bigermaniate)
• GeO3−4 (germinate)
• Ge+4 (germanic)
• GeO4−4
• H2Ge2O5
• (digermanic acid)
• H2Ge4O9
• (tetragermanic acid)
• H2Ge5O11
• (pentagermanic
• acid)
• HGe5O11−
• (bipentagermanate)
• +6
• Ge5O11−2
• (pentagermanate)
• Tin (Sn)
• +4
• Sn+4 (stannic)
• +4
• HSnO3− (bistannate)
• Species/
• SnO3−2 (stannate)
• +7 Species
• SnO2 (stannic oxide)
• Sn(OH)4
• (stannic hydroxide)
• +7
• SnO4− (perstannate)
• Lead (Pb)
• +2
• Pb+2 (plumbous)
• +2, +2.67,
• HPbO2−
• +3
• (biplumbite)
• Species/
• PbOH+
• +4 Species
• PbO2−2 (plumbite)
• PbO (plumbus
• oxide)
• +2.67
• Pb3O4 (plumbo-
• plumbic oxide)
• +3
• Pb2O3 (sequioxide)
• IV
• A
• Lead (Pb)
• +4
• Pb+4 (plumbic)
• +2, +2.67,
• PbO3−2
• +3
• (metaplumbate)
• Species/
• HPbO3−
• +4 Species
• (acid metaplumbate)
• PbO4−4
• (orthoplumbate)
• PbO2 (dioxide)
• IV
• B
• Titanium
• +4
• TiO+2 (pertitanyl)
• +4
• HTiO4− titanate)
• Species/
• TiO2 (dioxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• TiO2+2 (pertitanyl)
• HTiO4−
• (acid pertitanate)
• TiO4−2 (pertitanate)
• TiO3 (peroxide)
• Zirconium
• +4
• Zr+4 (zirconic)
• +4
• (Zr)
• ZrO+2 (zirconyl)
• Species/
• HZrO3− (zirconate)
• +5, +6,
• +5
• Zr2O5 (pentoxide)
• +7 Species
• +6
• ZrO3 (peroxide)
• +7
• Zr2O7 (heptoxide)
• Hafnium
• +4
• Hf+4 (hafnic)
• +4
• (Hf)
• HfO+2 (hafnyl)
• Species/
• +6
• HfO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• V
• A
• Nitrogen
• +5
• HNO3 (nitric acid)
• +5
• NO3− (nitrate)
• species/
• +7
• HNO4
• +7 Species
• (pernitric acid)
• Phospho-
• +5
• H3PO4 (ortho-
• +5
• rus (P)
• phosphoric acid)
• Species/
• H2PO4− (mono-
• +6,
• orthophosphate)
• +7 species
• HPO4−2
• (diorthophosphate)
• PO4−3
• (triorthophosphate)
• HPO3 (meta-
• phosphoric acid)
• H4P2O7 (pryo-
• phosphoric acid)
• H5P3O10
• (triphosphoric acid)
• H6P4O13 (tetra-
• phosphoric acid)
• V
• A
• Phospho-
• +6
• H4P2O8
• +5
• rus (P)
• (perphosphoric acid)
• Species/
• +7
• H3PO5 (mono-
• +6,
• perphosphoric acid)
• +7 Species
• V
• A
• Arsenic
• +5
• H3AsO4
• +5
• (As)
• (ortho-arsenic acid)
• Species/
• H2AsO4−
• +7 species
• (mono ortho-
• arsenate)
• HAsO4−2
• (di-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO4−3
• (tri-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO2+ (arsenyl)
• +7
• AsO3+ (perarsenyl)
• Bismuth
• +3
• Bi+3 (bismuthous)
• +3
• (Bi)
• BiOH+2 (hy-
• Species/
• droxybismuthous)
• +3.5, +4,
• BiO+ (bismuthyl)
• +5 Species
• BiO2−
• (metabismuthite)
• +3.5
• Bi4O7 (oxide)
• +4
• Bi2O4 (tetroxide)
• +5
• BiO3−
• (metabismuthite)
• Bi2O5 (pentoxide)
• B
• Vanadium
• +5
• VO2+ (vanadic)
• +5
• (V)
• H3V2O7−
• Species/
• (pyrovanadate)
• +7,
• H2VO4−
• +9 Species
• (orthovanadate)
• VO3−
• (metavanadate)
• HVO4−2
• (orthovanadate)
• VO4−3
• (orthovanadate)
• V2O5 (pentoxide)
• H4V2O7
• (pyrovanadic acid)
• HVO3
• (metavanadic acid)
• H4V6O17
• (hexavanadic acid)
• +7
• VO4− (pervanadate)
• +9
• VO5−
• (hypervanadate)
• V
• B
• Niobium
• +5
• NbO3−
• +5
• (Nb)
• (metaniobate)
• Species/
• NbO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthoniobate)
• Nb2O5 (pentoxide)
• HNbO3 (niobid acid)
• +7
• NbO4− (perniobate)
• Nb2O7
• (perniobic oxide)
• HNbO4
• (perniobic acid)
• Tantalum
• +5
• TaO3−
• +5
• (Ta)
• (metatantalate)
• species/
• TaO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthotanatalate)
• Ta2O5 (pentoxide)
• HTaO3
• (tantalic acid)
• +7
• TaO4− (pentantalate)
• Ta2O7 (pertantalate)
• HTaO4•H2O
• (pertantalic acid)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S)
• +6
• H2SO4
• +6
• (sulfuric acid)
• Species/
• HSO4− (bisulfate)
• +7,
• SO4−2 (sulfate)
• +8 Species
• +7
• S2O8−2
• (dipersulfate)
• +8
• H2SO5 (momo-
• persulfuric acid)
• Selenium
• +6
• H2Se2O4
• +6
• (Se)
• (selenic acid)
• species/
• HSeO4−
• +7 Species
• (biselenate)
• SeO4−2 (selenate)
• +7
• H2Se2O8
• (perdiselenic acid)
• Tellurium
• +6
• H2TeO4
• +6
• (Te)
• (telluric acid)
• species/
• HTeO4− (bitellurate)
• +7 species
• TeO4−2 (tellurate)
• +7
• H2Te2O8
• (perditellenic acid)
• Polonium
• +2
• Po+2 (polonous)
• +2, +4
• (Po)
• +4
• PoO3−2 (polonate)
• species/
• +6
• PoO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• VI
• B
• Chromium
• +3
• Cr+3 (chromic)
• +3
• CrOH+2, Cr(OH)2+
• Species/
• (chromyls)
• +4, +6
• CrO2−, CrO3−3
• Species;
• (chromites)
• +4
• Cr2O3
• Species/
• (chromic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Cr(OH)3 (chromic
• hydroxide)
• +4
• CrO2 (dioxide)
• Cr(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• H2CrO4
• (chromic acid)
• HCrO4− (acid
• chromate)
• CrO4−2 (chromate)
• Cr2O7−2
• (dichromate)
• Molybde-
• +6
• HMoO4−
• +6
• num (Mo)
• (bimolybhate)
• Species/
• MoO4−2 (molydbate)
• +7 Species
• MoO3
• (molybdic trioxide)
• H2MoO4
• (molybolic acid)
• +7
• MoO4−
• (permolybdate)
• Tungsten
• +6
• WO4−2 tungstic)
• +6
• (W)
• WO3 (trioxide)
• Species/
• H2WO4
• +8 Species
• (tungstic acid)
• +8
• WO5−2 (pertungstic)
• H2WO5
• (pertungstic acid)
• VII
• A
• Chlorine
• +1
• HClO
• +1
• (Cl)
• (hypochlorous acid)
• Species/
• ClO− (hypochlorite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HClO2
• Species;
• (chlorous acid)
• +3
• ClO2− (chlorite)
• Species/
• +5
• HClO3 (chloric acid)
• +5, +7
• ClO3− (chlorate)
• Species;
• +7
• HClO4
• +5
• (perchloric acid)
• Species/
• ClO4−, HClO5−2,
• +7 Species
• ClO5−3, Cl2O9−4
• (perchlorates)
• VII
• A
• Bromine
• +1
• HBrO
• +1
• (Br)
• (hypobromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO−
• +3, +5, +7
• (hypobromitee)
• Species;
• +3
• HBrO2
• +3
• (bromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO2− (bromite)
• +5, +7
• +5
• HBrO3
• Species;
• (bromic acid)
• +5
• BrO3− (bromate)
• Species/
• +7
• HBrO4
• +7 Species
• (perbromic acid)
• BrO4−, HBrO5−2,
• BrO5−3, Br2O9−4
• (prebromates)
• Iodine
• +1
• HIO
• +1
• (hypoiodus acid)
• Species/
• IO− (hypoiodite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HIO2 (iodous acid)
• Species;
• IO2− (iodite)
• +3
• +5
• HIO3 (iodic acid)
• Species/
• IO3− (iodate)
• +5, +7
• +7
• HIO4 (periodic acid)
• Species;
• IO4−, HIO5−2,
• +5
• IO5−3, I2O9−4
• Species/
• (periodates)
• +7 Species
• B
• Manga-
• +2
• Mn+2 (manganeous)
• +2
• nese (Mn)
• HMnO2−
• Species/
• (dimanganite)
• +3, +4,
• +3
• Mn+3 (manganic)
• +6, +7
• +4
• MnO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• +6
• MnO4−2
• +3
• (manganate)
• Species/
• +7
• MnO4−
• +4, +6, +7
• (permanganate)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6, +7
• Species;
• +6
• Species/
• +7 Species
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +3
• Fe+3 (ferric)
• +3
• Fe(OH)+2
• Species/
• Fe(OH)2+
• +4, +5, +6
• FeO2−2 (ferrite)
• Species;
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +4
• FeO+2 (ferryl)
• +4
• FeO2−2 (perferrite)
• Species/
• +5
• FeO2+ (perferryl)
• +5, +6
• +6
• FeO4−2 (ferrate)
• Species;
• +5
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Cobalt
• +2
• Co+2 (cobalous)
• +2
• (Co)
• HCoO2−
• Species/
• (dicobaltite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Co+3 (cobaltic)
• Species;
• Co2O3
• +3
• (cobaltic oxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CoO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• H2CoO3
• (cobaltic acid)
• Nickel
• +2
• Ni+2 (nickelous)
• +2
• (Ni)
• NiOH+
• Species/
• HNiO2−
• +3, +4, +6
• (dinickelite)
• Species;
• NiO2−2 (nickelite)
• +3
• +3
• Ni+3 (nickelic)
• Species/
• Ni2O3
• +4, +6
• (nickelic oxide)
• Species;
• +4
• NiO2 (peroxide)
• +4
• +6
• NiO4−2 (nickelate)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 5
• Rutheni-
• +2
• Ru+2
• +2
• um (Ru)
• +3
• Ru+3
• Species/
• Ru2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4,
• Ru(OH)3
• +5, +6,
• (hydroxide)
• +7, +8
• +4
• Ru+4 (ruthenic)
• Species;
• RuO2
• +3
• (ruthenic dioxide)
• Species/
• Ru(OH)4
• +4, +5,
• (ruthenic hydroxide)
• +6, +7, +8
• +5
• Ru2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• RuO4−2 (ruthenate)
• +4
• RuO2+2 (ruthenyl)
• Species/
• RuO3 (trioxide)
• +5, +6,
• +7
• RuO4−
• +7, +8
• (perruthenate)
• Species;
• +8
• H2RuO4
• +5
• (hyperuthenic acid)
• Species/
• HRuO5−
• +6, +7, +8
• (diperruthenate)
• Species;
• RuO4 (ruthenium
• +6
• tetroxide)
• Species/
• +7, +8
• Species;
• +7
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Rhodium
• +1
• Rh+ (hyporhodous)
• +1
• (Rh)
• +2
• Rh+2 (rhodous)
• Species/
• +3
• Rh+3 (rhodic)
• +2, +3,
• Rh2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4, +6
• +4
• RhO2 (rhodic oxide)
• Species;
• Rh(OH)4
• +2
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +6
• RhO4−2 (rhodate)
• +3, +4, +6
• RhO3 (trioxide)
• Species;
• +3
• Species/
• +4, +6
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Palladium
• +2
• Pd+2 (palladous)
• +2
• PdO2−2 (palladite)
• Species/
• +3
• Pd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4, +6
• +4
• PdO3−2 (palladate)
• Species;
• PdO2 (dioxide)
• +3
• Pd(OH)4
• Species/
• (hydroxide)
• +4, +6
• +6
• PdO3 (peroxide)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 6
• Iridium
• +3
• Ir+3 (iridic)
• +3
• (Ir)
• Ir2O3
• Species/
• (iridium
• +4, +6
• sesquioxide)
• Species;
• Ir(OH)3
• +4
• (iridium hydroxide)
• Species/
• +4
• IrO2 (iridic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Ir(OH)4
• (iridic hydroxide)
• +6
• IrO4−2 (iridate)
• IrO3
• (iridium peroxide)
• Platinum
• +2
• Pt+2 (platinous)
• +2, +3
• (Pt)
• +3
• Pt2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• PtO3−2 (palatinate)
• +4, +6
• PtO+2 (platinyl)
• Species;
• Pt(OH)+3
• +4
• PtO2
• Species/
• (platonic oxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• PtO4−2 (Perplatinate)
• PtO3
• (perplatinic oxide)
• IIIB
• Rare
• Cerium
• +3
• Ce+3 (cerous)
• +3
• earths
• (Ce)
• Ce2O3
• Species/
• (cerous oxide)
• +4, +6
• Ce(OH)3
• Species;
• (cerous hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Ce+4, Ce(OH)+3,
• Species/
• Ce(OH)2+2,
• +6 Species
• Ce(OH)3+ (ceric)
• CeO2 (ceric oxide)
• +6
• CeO3 (peroxide)
• Praseo-
• +3
• Pr+3 (praseodymous)
• +3
• dymium
• Pr2O3 (sesquioxide)
• species/
• (Pr)
• Pr(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Pr+4 (praseodymic)
• species
• PrO2 (dioxide)
• Neodym-
• +3
• Nd+3
• +3
• ium
• Nd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• NdO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Terbium
• +3
• Tb+3
• +3
• (Tb)
• Tb2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• TbO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• IIIB
• Acti-
• Thorium
• +4
• Th+4 (thoric)
• +4
• nides
• (Th)
• ThO+2 (thoryl)
• Species/
• HThO3− (thorate)
• +6 Species
• +6
• ThO3 (acid
• peroxide)
• Uranium
• +6
• UO2+2 (uranyl)
• +6
• (U)
• UO3 (uranic oxide)
• Species/
• +8
• HUO5−,
• +8 Species
• UO5−2 (peruranates)
• UO4 (peroxide)
• Neptuni-
• +5
• NpO2+
• +5
• um (Np)
• (hyponeptunyl)
• Species/
• Np2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6, +8
• +6
• NpO2+2 (neptunyl)
• Species;
• NpO3 (trioxide)
• +6
• +8
• NpO4 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Plutonium
• +3
• Pu+3
• +3
• (Pu)
• +4
• (hypoplutonous)
• Species/
• Pu+4
• +4, +5, +6
• (plutonous)
• Species;
• PuO2 (dioxide)
• +4
• +5
• PuO2+
• Species/
• (hypoplutonyl)
• +5, +6
• Pu2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• PuO2+2 (plutonyl)
• +5
• PuO3 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Americi-
• +3
• Am+3
• +3
• um (Am)
• (hypoamericious)
• Species/
• +4
• Am+4 (americous)
• +4, +5, +6
• AmO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• Am(OH)4
• +4
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +5
• AmO2+
• +5, +6
• (hypoamericyl)
• Species;
• Am2O5 (pentoxide)
• +5
• +6
• AmO2+2 (americyl)
• Species/
• AmO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• TABLE II
• Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in Heteropolyanion Complex
• Anion Redox Couple Mediators
• SUB
• GROUP
• GROUP
• ELEMENT
• I
• A
• Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and
• Cesium (Cs)
• B
• Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), and Gold (Au)
• II
• A
• Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),
• Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba)
• B
• Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)
• III
• A
• Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al)
• B
• Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) - (See Rare Earths)
• IV
• A
• Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),
• Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb)
• B
• Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)
• V
• A
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
• Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi)
• B
• Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te)
• B
• Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), and
• Tungsten (W)
• VII
• A
• Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and
• Iodine (I)
• B
• Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
• Period 5
• Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
• Period 6
• Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
• IIIB
• Rare
• All
• Earths
• further comprising adding stabilizing compounds to the electrolyte for overcoming and stabilizing the short lifetime of oxidized forms of higher oxidation state species of the mediator, wherein the stabilizing compounds are tellurate or periodate ions.

A process for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising disposing an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell,separating the electrolyte into an anolyte portion and a catholyte portion with an ion-selective membrane, semipermeable membrane, microporous polymer, porous ceramic, or glass frit, applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte portion and the catholyte portion, placing the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion, and oxidizing the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process, wherein the anolyte portion further comprises oxidizing species as a mediator in aqueous solution and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, and wherein the mediator oxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couples described in Table I as below;

• (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I, or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms;
• (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least one heteroajom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.)
• TABLE I
• Simple Ion Redox Couples
• SPECIFIC
• REDOX
• SUB
• ELE-
• VAL-
• COU-
• GROUP
• GROUP
• MENT
• ENCE
• SPECIES
• PLES
• I
• A
• None
• B
• Copper
• +2
• Cu−2 (cupric)
• +2
• (Cu)
• HCuO2 (bicuprite)
• Species/
• CuO2−2 (cuprite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Cu+3
• Species;
• CuO2− (cuprate)
• +3
• Cu2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CuO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Silver
• +1
• Ag+ (argentous)
• +1
• (Ag)
• AgO− (argentite)
• Species/
• +2
• Ag−2 (argentic)
• +2, +3
• AgO
• Species;
• (argentic oxide)
• +2
• +3
• AgO+ (argentyl)
• Species/
• Ag2O3
• +3 Species
• (sesquioxide)
• Gold (Au)
• +1
• Au+ (aurous)
• +1
• +3
• Au+3 (auric)
• Species/
• AuO− (auryl)
• +3, +4
• H3AuO3−
• Species;
• (auric acid)
• +3
• H2AuO3−
• Species/
• (monoauarate)
• +4 Species
• HAuO3−2 (diaurate)
• AuO3−3 (triaurate)
• Au2O3 (auric oxide)
• Au(OH)3
• (auric hydroxide)
• +4
• AuO2 (peroxide)
• II
• A
• Magne-
• +2
• Mg+2 (magnesic)
• +2
• sium (Mg)
• +4
• MgO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Calcium
• +2
• Ca+2
• +2
• (Ca)
• +4
• CaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Strontium
• +2
• Sr+2
• +2
• +4
• SrO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Barium
• +2
• Ba+2
• +2
• (Ba)
• +4
• BaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• II
• B
• Zinc (Zn)
• +2
• Zn+2 (zincic)
• +2
• ZnOH+ (zincyl)
• Species/
• HZnO2− (bizincate)
• +4 Species
• ZnO2−2 (zincate)
• +4
• ZnO2 (peroxide)
• Mercury
• +2
• Hg+2 (mercuric)
• +2
• (Hg)
• Hg(OH)2 (mercuric
• Species/
• hydroxide)
• +4 Species
• HHgO2−
• (mercurate)
• +4
• HgO2 (peroxide)
• III
• A
• Boron
• +3
• H3BO3
• +3
• (orthoboric acid)
• Species/
• H2BO3−, HBO3−2,
• +4.5, +5
• BO3−3 (orthoborates)
• Species
• BO2− (metaborate)
• H2B4O7
• (tetraboric acid)
• HB4O7−/B4O7−2
• (tetraborates)
• B2O4−2 (diborate)
• B6O10−2
• (hexaborate)
• +4.5
• B2O5− (diborate)
• +5
• BO3−/BO2−•H2O
• (perborate)
• Thallium
• +1
• Tl+1 (thallous)
• +1
• (Tl)
• +3
• Tl+3 (thallic)
• Species/
• TlO+, TlOH+2,
• +3 or
• Tl(OH)2+
• +3.33
• (thallyl)
• Species;
• Tl2O3
• +3
• (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• Tl(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +3.33
• +3.33
• Tl3O5 (peroxide)
• Species
• B
• See Rare Earths and Actinides
• IV
• A
• Carbon
• +4
• H2CO3
• +4
• (C)
• (carbonic acid)
• Species/
• HCO3−
• +5,
• (bicarbonate)
• +6 Species
• CO3−2 (carbonate)
• +5
• H2C2O6
• (perdicarbonic acid)
• +6
• H2CO4 (per-
• monocarbonic acid)
• Germani-
• +4
• H2GeO3
• +4
• um (Ge)
• (germanic acid)
• Species/
• HGeO3−
• +6 Species
• (bigermaniate)
• GeO3−4 (germinate)
• Ge+4 (germanic)
• GeO4−4
• H2Ge2O5
• (digermanic acid)
• H2Ge4O9
• (tetragermanic acid)
• H2Ge5O11
• (pentagermanic
• acid)
• HGe5O11−
• (bipentagermanate)
• +6
• Ge5O11−2
• (pentagermanate)
• Tin (Sn)
• +4
• Sn+4 (stannic)
• +4
• HSnO3− (bistannate)
• Species/
• SnO3−2 (stannate)
• +7 Species
• SnO2 (stannic oxide)
• Sn(OH)4
• (stannic hydroxide)
• +7
• SnO4− (perstannate)
• Lead (Pb)
• +2
• Pb+2 (plumbous)
• +2, +2.67,
• HPbO2−
• +3
• (biplumbite)
• Species/
• PbOH+
• +4 Species
• PbO2−2 (plumbite)
• PbO (plumbus
• oxide)
• +2.67
• Pb3O4 (plumbo-
• plumbic oxide)
• +3
• Pb2O3 (sequioxide)
• IV
• A
• Lead (Pb)
• +4
• Pb+4 (plumbic)
• +2, +2.67,
• PbO3−2
• +3
• (metaplumbate)
• Species/
• HPbO3−
• +4 Species
• (acid metaplumbate)
• PbO4−4
• (orthoplumbate)
• PbO2 (dioxide)
• IV
• B
• Titanium
• +4
• TiO+2 (pertitanyl)
• +4
• HTiO4− titanate)
• Species/
• TiO2 (dioxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• TiO2+2 (pertitanyl)
• HTiO4−
• (acid pertitanate)
• TiO4−2 (pertitanate)
• TiO3 (peroxide)
• Zirconium
• +4
• Zr+4 (zirconic)
• +4
• (Zr)
• ZrO+2 (zirconyl)
• Species/
• HZrO3− (zirconate)
• +5, +6,
• +5
• Zr2O5 (pentoxide)
• +7 Species
• +6
• ZrO3 (peroxide)
• +7
• Zr2O7 (heptoxide)
• Hafnium
• +4
• Hf+4 (hafnic)
• +4
• (Hf)
• HfO+2 (hafnyl)
• Species/
• +6
• HfO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• V
• A
• Nitrogen
• +5
• HNO3 (nitric acid)
• +5
• NO3− (nitrate)
• species/
• +7
• HNO4
• +7 Species
• (pernitric acid)
• Phospho-
• +5
• H3PO4 (ortho-
• +5
• rus (P)
• phosphoric acid)
• Species/
• H2PO4− (mono-
• +6,
• orthophosphate)
• +7 species
• HPO4−2
• (diorthophosphate)
• PO4−3
• (triorthophosphate)
• HPO3 (meta-
• phosphoric acid)
• H4P2O7 (pryo-
• phosphoric acid)
• H5P3O10
• (triphosphoric acid)
• H6P4O13 (tetra-
• phosphoric acid)
• V
• A
• Phospho-
• +6
• H4P2O8
• +5
• rus (P)
• (perphosphoric acid)
• Species/
• +7
• H3PO5 (mono-
• +6,
• perphosphoric acid)
• +7 Species
• V
• A
• Arsenic
• +5
• H3AsO4
• +5
• (As)
• (ortho-arsenic acid)
• Species/
• H2AsO4−
• +7 species
• (mono ortho-
• arsenate)
• HAsO4−2
• (di-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO4−3
• (tri-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO2+ (arsenyl)
• +7
• AsO3+ (perarsenyl)
• Bismuth
• +3
• Bi+3 (bismuthous)
• +3
• (Bi)
• BiOH+2 (hy-
• Species/
• droxybismuthous)
• +3.5, +4,
• BiO+ (bismuthyl)
• +5 Species
• BiO2−
• (metabismuthite)
• +3.5
• Bi4O7 (oxide)
• +4
• Bi2O4 (tetroxide)
• +5
• BiO3−
• (metabismuthite)
• Bi2O5 (pentoxide)
• B
• Vanadium
• +5
• VO2+ (vanadic)
• +5
• (V)
• H3V2O7−
• Species/
• (pyrovanadate)
• +7,
• H2VO4−
• +9 Species
• (orthovanadate)
• VO3−
• (metavanadate)
• HVO4−2
• (orthovanadate)
• VO4−3
• (orthovanadate)
• V2O5 (pentoxide)
• H4V2O7
• (pyrovanadic acid)
• HVO3
• (metavanadic acid)
• H4V6O17
• (hexavanadic acid)
• +7
• VO4− (pervanadate)
• +9
• VO5−
• (hypervanadate)
• V
• B
• Niobium
• +5
• NbO3−
• +5
• (Nb)
• (metaniobate)
• Species/
• NbO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthoniobate)
• Nb2O5 (pentoxide)
• HNbO3 (niobid acid)
• +7
• NbO4− (perniobate)
• Nb2O7
• (perniobic oxide)
• HNbO4
• (perniobic acid)
• Tantalum
• +5
• TaO3−
• +5
• (Ta)
• (metatantalate)
• species/
• TaO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthotanatalate)
• Ta2O5 (pentoxide)
• HTaO3
• (tantalic acid)
• +7
• TaO4− (pentantalate)
• Ta2O7 (pertantalate)
• HTaO4•H2O
• (pertantalic acid)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S)
• +6
• H2SO4
• +6
• (sulfuric acid)
• Species/
• HSO4− (bisulfate)
• +7,
• SO4−2 (sulfate)
• +8 Species
• +7
• S2O8−2
• (dipersulfate)
• +8
• H2SO5 (momo-
• persulfuric acid)
• Selenium
• +6
• H2Se2O4
• +6
• (Se)
• (selenic acid)
• species/
• HSeO4−
• +7 Species
• (biselenate)
• SeO4−2 (selenate)
• +7
• H2Se2O8
• (perdiselenic acid)
• Tellurium
• +6
• H2TeO4
• +6
• (Te)
• (telluric acid)
• species/
• HTeO4− (bitellurate)
• +7 species
• TeO4−2 (tellurate)
• +7
• H2Te2O8
• (perditellenic acid)
• Polonium
• +2
• Po+2 (polonous)
• +2, +4
• (Po)
• +4
• PoO3−2 (polonate)
• species/
• +6
• PoO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• VI
• B
• Chromium
• +3
• Cr+3 (chromic)
• +3
• CrOH+2, Cr(OH)2+
• Species/
• (chromyls)
• +4, +6
• CrO2−, CrO3−3
• Species;
• (chromites)
• +4
• Cr2O3
• Species/
• (chromic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Cr(OH)3 (chromic
• hydroxide)
• +4
• CrO2 (dioxide)
• Cr(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• H2CrO4
• (chromic acid)
• HCrO4− (acid
• chromate)
• CrO4−2 (chromate)
• Cr2O7−2
• (dichromate)
• Molybde-
• +6
• HMoO4−
• +6
• num (Mo)
• (bimolybhate)
• Species/
• MoO4−2 (molydbate)
• +7 Species
• MoO3
• (molybdic trioxide)
• H2MoO4
• (molybolic acid)
• +7
• MoO4−
• (permolybdate)
• Tungsten
• +6
• WO4−2 tungstic)
• +6
• (W)
• WO3 (trioxide)
• Species/
• H2WO4
• +8 Species
• (tungstic acid)
• +8
• WO5−2 (pertungstic)
• H2WO5
• (pertungstic acid)
• VII
• A
• Chlorine
• +1
• HClO
• +1
• (Cl)
• (hypochlorous acid)
• Species/
• ClO− (hypochlorite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HClO2
• Species;
• (chlorous acid)
• +3
• ClO2− (chlorite)
• Species/
• +5
• HClO3 (chloric acid)
• +5, +7
• ClO3− (chlorate)
• Species;
• +7
• HClO4
• +5
• (perchloric acid)
• Species/
• ClO4−, HClO5−2,
• +7 Species
• ClO5−3, Cl2O9−4
• (perchlorates)
• VII
• A
• Bromine
• +1
• HBrO
• +1
• (Br)
• (hypobromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO−
• +3, +5, +7
• (hypobromitee)
• Species;
• +3
• HBrO2
• +3
• (bromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO2− (bromite)
• +5, +7
• +5
• HBrO3
• Species;
• (bromic acid)
• +5
• BrO3− (bromate)
• Species/
• +7
• HBrO4
• +7 Species
• (perbromic acid)
• BrO4−, HBrO5−2,
• BrO5−3, Br2O9−4
• (prebromates)
• Iodine
• +1
• HIO
• +1
• (hypoiodus acid)
• Species/
• IO− (hypoiodite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HIO2 (iodous acid)
• Species;
• IO2− (iodite)
• +3
• +5
• HIO3 (iodic acid)
• Species/
• IO3− (iodate)
• +5, +7
• +7
• HIO4 (periodic acid)
• Species;
• IO4−, HIO5−2,
• +5
• IO5−3, I2O9−4
• Species/
• (periodates)
• +7 Species
• B
• Manga-
• +2
• Mn+2 (manganeous)
• +2
• nese (Mn)
• HMnO2−
• Species/
• (dimanganite)
• +3, +4,
• +3
• Mn+3 (manganic)
• +6, +7
• +4
• MnO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• +6
• MnO4−2
• +3
• (manganate)
• Species/
• +7
• MnO4−
• +4, +6, +7
• (permanganate)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6, +7
• Species;
• +6
• Species/
• +7 Species
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +3
• Fe+3 (ferric)
• +3
• Fe(OH)+2
• Species/
• Fe(OH)2+
• +4, +5, +6
• FeO2−2 (ferrite)
• Species;
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +4
• FeO+2 (ferryl)
• +4
• FeO2−2 (perferrite)
• Species/
• +5
• FeO2+ (perferryl)
• +5, +6
• +6
• FeO4−2 (ferrate)
• Species;
• +5
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Cobalt
• +2
• Co+2 (cobalous)
• +2
• (Co)
• HCoO2−
• Species/
• (dicobaltite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Co+3 (cobaltic)
• Species;
• Co2O3
• +3
• (cobaltic oxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CoO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• H2CoO3
• (cobaltic acid)
• Nickel
• +2
• Ni+2 (nickelous)
• +2
• (Ni)
• NiOH+
• Species/
• HNiO2−
• +3, +4, +6
• (dinickelite)
• Species;
• NiO2−2 (nickelite)
• +3
• +3
• Ni+3 (nickelic)
• Species/
• Ni2O3
• +4, +6
• (nickelic oxide)
• Species;
• +4
• NiO2 (peroxide)
• +4
• +6
• NiO4−2 (nickelate)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 5
• Rutheni-
• +2
• Ru+2
• +2
• um (Ru)
• +3
• Ru+3
• Species/
• Ru2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4,
• Ru(OH)3
• +5, +6,
• (hydroxide)
• +7, +8
• +4
• Ru+4 (ruthenic)
• Species;
• RuO2
• +3
• (ruthenic dioxide)
• Species/
• Ru(OH)4
• +4, +5,
• (ruthenic hydroxide)
• +6, +7, +8
• +5
• Ru2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• RuO4−2 (ruthenate)
• +4
• RuO2+2 (ruthenyl)
• Species/
• RuO3 (trioxide)
• +5, +6,
• +7
• RuO4−
• +7, +8
• (perruthenate)
• Species;
• +8
• H2RuO4
• +5
• (hyperuthenic acid)
• Species/
• HRuO5−
• +6, +7, +8
• (diperruthenate)
• Species;
• RuO4 (ruthenium
• +6
• tetroxide)
• Species/
• +7, +8
• Species;
• +7
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Rhodium
• +1
• Rh+ (hyporhodous)
• +1
• (Rh)
• +2
• Rh+2 (rhodous)
• Species/
• +3
• Rh+3 (rhodic)
• +2, +3,
• Rh2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4, +6
• +4
• RhO2 (rhodic oxide)
• Species;
• Rh(OH)4
• +2
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +6
• RhO4−2 (rhodate)
• +3, +4, +6
• RhO3 (trioxide)
• Species;
• +3
• Species/
• +4, +6
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Palladium
• +2
• Pd+2 (palladous)
• +2
• PdO2−2 (palladite)
• Species/
• +3
• Pd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4, +6
• +4
• PdO3−2 (palladate)
• Species;
• PdO2 (dioxide)
• +3
• Pd(OH)4
• Species/
• (hydroxide)
• +4, +6
• +6
• PdO3 (peroxide)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 6
• Iridium
• +3
• Ir+3 (iridic)
• +3
• (Ir)
• Ir2O3
• Species/
• (iridium
• +4, +6
• sesquioxide)
• Species;
• Ir(OH)3
• +4
• (iridium hydroxide)
• Species/
• +4
• IrO2 (iridic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Ir(OH)4
• (iridic hydroxide)
• +6
• IrO4−2 (iridate)
• IrO3
• (iridium peroxide)
• Platinum
• +2
• Pt+2 (platinous)
• +2, +3
• (Pt)
• +3
• Pt2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• PtO3−2 (palatinate)
• +4, +6
• PtO+2 (platinyl)
• Species;
• Pt(OH)+3
• +4
• PtO2
• Species/
• (platonic oxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• PtO4−2 (Perplatinate)
• PtO3
• (perplatinic oxide)
• IIIB
• Rare
• Cerium
• +3
• Ce+3 (cerous)
• +3
• earths
• (Ce)
• Ce2O3
• Species/
• (cerous oxide)
• +4, +6
• Ce(OH)3
• Species;
• (cerous hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Ce+4, Ce(OH)+3,
• Species/
• Ce(OH)2+2,
• +6 Species
• Ce(OH)3+ (ceric)
• CeO2 (ceric oxide)
• +6
• CeO3 (peroxide)
• Praseo-
• +3
• Pr+3 (praseodymous)
• +3
• dymium
• Pr2O3 (sesquioxide)
• species/
• (Pr)
• Pr(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Pr+4 (praseodymic)
• species
• PrO2 (dioxide)
• Neodym-
• +3
• Nd+3
• +3
• ium
• Nd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• NdO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Terbium
• +3
• Tb+3
• +3
• (Tb)
• Tb2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• TbO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• IIIB
• Acti-
• Thorium
• +4
• Th+4 (thoric)
• +4
• nides
• (Th)
• ThO+2 (thoryl)
• Species/
• HThO3− (thorate)
• +6 Species
• +6
• ThO3 (acid
• peroxide)
• Uranium
• +6
• UO2+2 (uranyl)
• +6
• (U)
• UO3 (uranic oxide)
• Species/
• +8
• HUO5−,
• +8 Species
• UO5−2 (peruranates)
• UO4 (peroxide)
• Neptuni-
• +5
• NpO2+
• +5
• um (Np)
• (hyponeptunyl)
• Species/
• Np2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6, +8
• +6
• NpO2+2 (neptunyl)
• Species;
• NpO3 (trioxide)
• +6
• +8
• NpO4 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Plutonium
• +3
• Pu+3
• +3
• (Pu)
• +4
• (hypoplutonous)
• Species/
• Pu+4
• +4, +5, +6
• (plutonous)
• Species;
• PuO2 (dioxide)
• +4
• +5
• PuO2+
• Species/
• (hypoplutonyl)
• +5, +6
• Pu2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• PuO2+2 (plutonyl)
• +5
• PuO3 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Americi-
• +3
• Am+3
• +3
• um (Am)
• (hypoamericious)
• Species/
• +4
• Am+4 (americous)
• +4, +5, +6
• AmO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• Am(OH)4
• +4
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +5
• AmO2+
• +5, +6
• (hypoamericyl)
• Species;
• Am2O5 (pentoxide)
• +5
• +6
• AmO2+2 (americyl)
• Species/
• AmO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• TABLE II
• Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in Heteropolyanion Complex
• Anion Redox Couple Mediators
• SUB
• GROUP
• GROUP
• ELEMENT
• I
• A
• Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and
• Cesium (Cs)
• B
• Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), and Gold (Au)
• II
• A
• Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),
• Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba)
• B
• Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)
• III
• A
• Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al)
• B
• Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) - (See Rare Earths)
• IV
• A
• Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),
• Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb)
• B
• Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)
• V
• A
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
• Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi)
• B
• Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te)
• B
• Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), and
• Tungsten (W)
• VII
• A
• Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and
• Iodine (I)
• B
• Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
• Period 5
• Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
• Period 6
• Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
• IIIB
• Rare
• All
• Earths
• wherein the oxidizing agents are super oxidizers, and further comprising generating inorganic free radicals in aqueous solutions from carbonate, azide, nitrite, nitrate, phosphite, phosphate, sulfite, sulfate, selenite, thiocyanate, chloride, and formate oxidizing species, wherein the super oxidizers have an oxidation potential above a threshold value of 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH1.

Apparatus for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a semi permeable membrane, ion selective membrane, microporous membrane, porous ceramic or glass fit membrane disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the anolyte and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and the electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, wherein the mediator oxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couples described in Table I as below;

• (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms;
• (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.)
• TABLE I
• Simple Ion Redox Couples
• SPECIFIC
• REDOX
• SUB
• ELE-
• VAL-
• COU-
• GROUP
• GROUP
• MENT
• ENCE
• SPECIES
• PLES
• I
• A
• None
• B
• Copper
• +2
• Cu−2 (cupric)
• +2
• (Cu)
• HCuO2 (bicuprite)
• Species/
• CuO2−2 (cuprite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Cu+3
• Species;
• CuO2− (cuprate)
• +3
• Cu2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CuO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Silver
• +1
• Ag+ (argentous)
• +1
• (Ag)
• AgO− (argentite)
• Species/
• +2
• Ag−2 (argentic)
• +2, +3
• AgO
• Species;
• (argentic oxide)
• +2
• +3
• AgO+ (argentyl)
• Species/
• Ag2O3
• +3 Species
• (sesquioxide)
• Gold (Au)
• +1
• Au+ (aurous)
• +1
• +3
• Au+3 (auric)
• Species/
• AuO− (auryl)
• +3, +4
• H3AuO3−
• Species;
• (auric acid)
• +3
• H2AuO3−
• Species/
• (monoauarate)
• +4 Species
• HAuO3−2 (diaurate)
• AuO3−3 (triaurate)
• Au2O3 (auric oxide)
• Au(OH)3
• (auric hydroxide)
• +4
• AuO2 (peroxide)
• II
• A
• Magne-
• +2
• Mg+2 (magnesic)
• +2
• sium (Mg)
• +4
• MgO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Calcium
• +2
• Ca+2
• +2
• (Ca)
• +4
• CaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Strontium
• +2
• Sr+2
• +2
• +4
• SrO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Barium
• +2
• Ba+2
• +2
• (Ba)
• +4
• BaO2
• Species/
• (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• II
• B
• Zinc (Zn)
• +2
• Zn+2 (zincic)
• +2
• ZnOH+ (zincyl)
• Species/
• HZnO2− (bizincate)
• +4 Species
• ZnO2−2 (zincate)
• +4
• ZnO2 (peroxide)
• Mercury
• +2
• Hg+2 (mercuric)
• +2
• (Hg)
• Hg(OH)2 (mercuric
• Species/
• hydroxide)
• +4 Species
• HHgO2−
• (mercurate)
• +4
• HgO2 (peroxide)
• III
• A
• Boron
• +3
• H3BO3
• +3
• (orthoboric acid)
• Species/
• H2BO3−, HBO3−2,
• +4.5, +5
• BO3−3 (orthoborates)
• Species
• BO2− (metaborate)
• H2B4O7
• (tetraboric acid)
• HB4O7−/B4O7−2
• (tetraborates)
• B2O4−2 (diborate)
• B6O10−2
• (hexaborate)
• +4.5
• B2O5− (diborate)
• +5
• BO3−/BO2−•H2O
• (perborate)
• Thallium
• +1
• Tl+1 (thallous)
• +1
• (Tl)
• +3
• Tl+3 (thallic)
• Species/
• TlO+, TlOH+2,
• +3 or
• Tl(OH)2+
• +3.33
• (thallyl)
• Species;
• Tl2O3
• +3
• (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• Tl(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +3.33
• +3.33
• Tl3O5 (peroxide)
• Species
• B
• See Rare Earths and Actinides
• IV
• A
• Carbon
• +4
• H2CO3
• +4
• (C)
• (carbonic acid)
• Species/
• HCO3−
• +5,
• (bicarbonate)
• +6 Species
• CO3−2 (carbonate)
• +5
• H2C2O6
• (perdicarbonic acid)
• +6
• H2CO4 (per-
• monocarbonic acid)
• Germani-
• +4
• H2GeO3
• +4
• um (Ge)
• (germanic acid)
• Species/
• HGeO3−
• +6 Species
• (bigermaniate)
• GeO3−4 (germinate)
• Ge+4 (germanic)
• GeO4−4
• H2Ge2O5
• (digermanic acid)
• H2Ge4O9
• (tetragermanic acid)
• H2Ge5O11
• (pentagermanic
• acid)
• HGe5O11−
• (bipentagermanate)
• +6
• Ge5O11−2
• (pentagermanate)
• Tin (Sn)
• +4
• Sn+4 (stannic)
• +4
• HSnO3− (bistannate)
• Species/
• SnO3−2 (stannate)
• +7 Species
• SnO2 (stannic oxide)
• Sn(OH)4
• (stannic hydroxide)
• +7
• SnO4− (perstannate)
• Lead (Pb)
• +2
• Pb+2 (plumbous)
• +2, +2.67,
• HPbO2−
• +3
• (biplumbite)
• Species/
• PbOH+
• +4 Species
• PbO2−2 (plumbite)
• PbO (plumbus
• oxide)
• +2.67
• Pb3O4 (plumbo-
• plumbic oxide)
• +3
• Pb2O3 (sequioxide)
• IV
• A
• Lead (Pb)
• +4
• Pb+4 (plumbic)
• +2, +2.67,
• PbO3−2
• +3
• (metaplumbate)
• Species/
• HPbO3−
• +4 Species
• (acid metaplumbate)
• PbO4−4
• (orthoplumbate)
• PbO2 (dioxide)
• IV
• B
• Titanium
• +4
• TiO+2 (pertitanyl)
• +4
• HTiO4− titanate)
• Species/
• TiO2 (dioxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• TiO2+2 (pertitanyl)
• HTiO4−
• (acid pertitanate)
• TiO4−2 (pertitanate)
• TiO3 (peroxide)
• Zirconium
• +4
• Zr+4 (zirconic)
• +4
• (Zr)
• ZrO+2 (zirconyl)
• Species/
• HZrO3− (zirconate)
• +5, +6,
• +5
• Zr2O5 (pentoxide)
• +7 Species
• +6
• ZrO3 (peroxide)
• +7
• Zr2O7 (heptoxide)
• Hafnium
• +4
• Hf+4 (hafnic)
• +4
• (Hf)
• HfO+2 (hafnyl)
• Species/
• +6
• HfO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• V
• A
• Nitrogen
• +5
• HNO3 (nitric acid)
• +5
• NO3− (nitrate)
• species/
• +7
• HNO4
• +7 Species
• (pernitric acid)
• Phospho-
• +5
• H3PO4 (ortho-
• +5
• rus (P)
• phosphoric acid)
• Species/
• H2PO4− (mono-
• +6,
• orthophosphate)
• +7 species
• HPO4−2
• (diorthophosphate)
• PO4−3
• (triorthophosphate)
• HPO3 (meta-
• phosphoric acid)
• H4P2O7 (pryo-
• phosphoric acid)
• H5P3O10
• (triphosphoric acid)
• H6P4O13 (tetra-
• phosphoric acid)
• V
• A
• Phospho-
• +6
• H4P2O8
• +5
• rus (P)
• (perphosphoric acid)
• Species/
• +7
• H3PO5 (mono-
• +6,
• perphosphoric acid)
• +7 Species
• V
• A
• Arsenic
• +5
• H3AsO4
• +5
• (As)
• (ortho-arsenic acid)
• Species/
• H2AsO4−
• +7 species
• (mono ortho-
• arsenate)
• HAsO4−2
• (di-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO4−3
• (tri-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO2+ (arsenyl)
• +7
• AsO3+ (perarsenyl)
• Bismuth
• +3
• Bi+3 (bismuthous)
• +3
• (Bi)
• BiOH+2 (hy-
• Species/
• droxybismuthous)
• +3.5, +4,
• BiO+ (bismuthyl)
• +5 Species
• BiO2−
• (metabismuthite)
• +3.5
• Bi4O7 (oxide)
• +4
• Bi2O4 (tetroxide)
• +5
• BiO3−
• (metabismuthite)
• Bi2O5 (pentoxide)
• B
• Vanadium
• +5
• VO2+ (vanadic)
• +5
• (V)
• H3V2O7−
• Species/
• (pyrovanadate)
• +7,
• H2VO4−
• +9 Species
• (orthovanadate)
• VO3−
• (metavanadate)
• HVO4−2
• (orthovanadate)
• VO4−3
• (orthovanadate)
• V2O5 (pentoxide)
• H4V2O7
• (pyrovanadic acid)
• HVO3
• (metavanadic acid)
• H4V6O17
• (hexavanadic acid)
• +7
• VO4− (pervanadate)
• +9
• VO5−
• (hypervanadate)
• V
• B
• Niobium
• +5
• NbO3−
• +5
• (Nb)
• (metaniobate)
• Species/
• NbO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthoniobate)
• Nb2O5 (pentoxide)
• HNbO3 (niobid acid)
• +7
• NbO4− (perniobate)
• Nb2O7
• (perniobic oxide)
• HNbO4
• (perniobic acid)
• Tantalum
• +5
• TaO3−
• +5
• (Ta)
• (metatantalate)
• species/
• TaO4−3
• +7 species
• (orthotanatalate)
• Ta2O5 (pentoxide)
• HTaO3
• (tantalic acid)
• +7
• TaO4− (pentantalate)
• Ta2O7 (pertantalate)
• HTaO4•H2O
• (pertantalic acid)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S)
• +6
• H2SO4
• +6
• (sulfuric acid)
• Species/
• HSO4− (bisulfate)
• +7,
• SO4−2 (sulfate)
• +8 Species
• +7
• S2O8−2
• (dipersulfate)
• +8
• H2SO5 (momo-
• persulfuric acid)
• Selenium
• +6
• H2Se2O4
• +6
• (Se)
• (selenic acid)
• species/
• HSeO4−
• +7 Species
• (biselenate)
• SeO4−2 (selenate)
• +7
• H2Se2O8
• (perdiselenic acid)
• Tellurium
• +6
• H2TeO4
• +6
• (Te)
• (telluric acid)
• species/
• HTeO4− (bitellurate)
• +7 species
• TeO4−2 (tellurate)
• +7
• H2Te2O8
• (perditellenic acid)
• Polonium
• +2
• Po+2 (polonous)
• +2, +4
• (Po)
• +4
• PoO3−2 (polonate)
• species/
• +6
• PoO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• VI
• B
• Chromium
• +3
• Cr+3 (chromic)
• +3
• CrOH+2, Cr(OH)2+
• Species/
• (chromyls)
• +4, +6
• CrO2−, CrO3−3
• Species;
• (chromites)
• +4
• Cr2O3
• Species/
• (chromic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Cr(OH)3 (chromic
• hydroxide)
• +4
• CrO2 (dioxide)
• Cr(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• H2CrO4
• (chromic acid)
• HCrO4− (acid
• chromate)
• CrO4−2 (chromate)
• Cr2O7−2
• (dichromate)
• Molybde-
• +6
• HMoO4−
• +6
• num (Mo)
• (bimolybhate)
• Species/
• MoO4−2 (molydbate)
• +7 Species
• MoO3
• (molybdic trioxide)
• H2MoO4
• (molybolic acid)
• +7
• MoO4−
• (permolybdate)
• Tungsten
• +6
• WO4−2 tungstic)
• +6
• (W)
• WO3 (trioxide)
• Species/
• H2WO4
• +8 Species
• (tungstic acid)
• +8
• WO5−2 (pertungstic)
• H2WO5
• (pertungstic acid)
• VII
• A
• Chlorine
• +1
• HClO
• +1
• (Cl)
• (hypochlorous acid)
• Species/
• ClO− (hypochlorite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HClO2
• Species;
• (chlorous acid)
• +3
• ClO2− (chlorite)
• Species/
• +5
• HClO3 (chloric acid)
• +5, +7
• ClO3− (chlorate)
• Species;
• +7
• HClO4
• +5
• (perchloric acid)
• Species/
• ClO4−, HClO5−2,
• +7 Species
• ClO5−3, Cl2O9−4
• (perchlorates)
• VII
• A
• Bromine
• +1
• HBrO
• +1
• (Br)
• (hypobromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO−
• +3, +5, +7
• (hypobromitee)
• Species;
• +3
• HBrO2
• +3
• (bromous acid)
• Species/
• BrO2− (bromite)
• +5, +7
• +5
• HBrO3
• Species;
• (bromic acid)
• +5
• BrO3− (bromate)
• Species/
• +7
• HBrO4
• +7 Species
• (perbromic acid)
• BrO4−, HBrO5−2,
• BrO5−3, Br2O9−4
• (prebromates)
• Iodine
• +1
• HIO
• +1
• (hypoiodus acid)
• Species/
• IO− (hypoiodite)
• +3, +5, +7
• +3
• HIO2 (iodous acid)
• Species;
• IO2− (iodite)
• +3
• +5
• HIO3 (iodic acid)
• Species/
• IO3− (iodate)
• +5, +7
• +7
• HIO4 (periodic acid)
• Species;
• IO4−, HIO5−2,
• +5
• IO5−3, I2O9−4
• Species/
• (periodates)
• +7 Species
• B
• Manga-
• +2
• Mn+2 (manganeous)
• +2
• nese (Mn)
• HMnO2−
• Species/
• (dimanganite)
• +3, +4,
• +3
• Mn+3 (manganic)
• +6, +7
• +4
• MnO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• +6
• MnO4−2
• +3
• (manganate)
• Species/
• +7
• MnO4−
• +4, +6, +7
• (permanganate)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6, +7
• Species;
• +6
• Species/
• +7 Species
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +3
• Fe+3 (ferric)
• +3
• Fe(OH)+2
• Species/
• Fe(OH)2+
• +4, +5, +6
• FeO2−2 (ferrite)
• Species;
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +4
• FeO+2 (ferryl)
• +4
• FeO2−2 (perferrite)
• Species/
• +5
• FeO2+ (perferryl)
• +5, +6
• +6
• FeO4−2 (ferrate)
• Species;
• +5
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Cobalt
• +2
• Co+2 (cobalous)
• +2
• (Co)
• HCoO2−
• Species/
• (dicobaltite)
• +3, +4
• +3
• Co+3 (cobaltic)
• Species;
• Co2O3
• +3
• (cobaltic oxide)
• Species/
• +4
• CoO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• H2CoO3
• (cobaltic acid)
• Nickel
• +2
• Ni+2 (nickelous)
• +2
• (Ni)
• NiOH+
• Species/
• HNiO2−
• +3, +4, +6
• (dinickelite)
• Species;
• NiO2−2 (nickelite)
• +3
• +3
• Ni+3 (nickelic)
• Species/
• Ni2O3
• +4, +6
• (nickelic oxide)
• Species;
• +4
• NiO2 (peroxide)
• +4
• +6
• NiO4−2 (nickelate)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 5
• Rutheni-
• +2
• Ru+2
• +2
• um (Ru)
• +3
• Ru+3
• Species/
• Ru2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4,
• Ru(OH)3
• +5, +6,
• (hydroxide)
• +7, +8
• +4
• Ru+4 (ruthenic)
• Species;
• RuO2
• +3
• (ruthenic dioxide)
• Species/
• Ru(OH)4
• +4, +5,
• (ruthenic hydroxide)
• +6, +7, +8
• +5
• Ru2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• RuO4−2 (ruthenate)
• +4
• RuO2+2 (ruthenyl)
• Species/
• RuO3 (trioxide)
• +5, +6,
• +7
• RuO4−
• +7, +8
• (perruthenate)
• Species;
• +8
• H2RuO4
• +5
• (hyperuthenic acid)
• Species/
• HRuO5−
• +6, +7, +8
• (diperruthenate)
• Species;
• RuO4 (ruthenium
• +6
• tetroxide)
• Species/
• +7, +8
• Species;
• +7
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Rhodium
• +1
• Rh+ (hyporhodous)
• +1
• (Rh)
• +2
• Rh+2 (rhodous)
• Species/
• +3
• Rh+3 (rhodic)
• +2, +3,
• Rh2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4, +6
• +4
• RhO2 (rhodic oxide)
• Species;
• Rh(OH)4
• +2
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +6
• RhO4−2 (rhodate)
• +3, +4, +6
• RhO3 (trioxide)
• Species;
• +3
• Species/
• +4, +6
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Palladium
• +2
• Pd+2 (palladous)
• +2
• PdO2−2 (palladite)
• Species/
• +3
• Pd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +3, +4, +6
• +4
• PdO3−2 (palladate)
• Species;
• PdO2 (dioxide)
• +3
• Pd(OH)4
• Species/
• (hydroxide)
• +4, +6
• +6
• PdO3 (peroxide)
• Species;
• +4
• Species/
• +6 Species
• VIII
• Period 6
• Iridium
• +3
• Ir+3 (iridic)
• +3
• (Ir)
• Ir2O3
• Species/
• (iridium
• +4, +6
• sesquioxide)
• Species;
• Ir(OH)3
• +4
• (iridium hydroxide)
• Species/
• +4
• IrO2 (iridic oxide)
• +6 Species
• Ir(OH)4
• (iridic hydroxide)
• +6
• IrO4−2 (iridate)
• IrO3
• (iridium peroxide)
• Platinum
• +2
• Pt+2 (platinous)
• +2, +3
• (Pt)
• +3
• Pt2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• PtO3−2 (palatinate)
• +4, +6
• PtO+2 (platinyl)
• Species;
• Pt(OH)+3
• +4
• PtO2
• Species/
• (platonic oxide)
• +6 Species
• +6
• PtO4−2 (Perplatinate)
• PtO3
• (perplatinic oxide)
• IIIB
• Rare
• Cerium
• +3
• Ce+3 (cerous)
• +3
• earths
• (Ce)
• Ce2O3
• Species/
• (cerous oxide)
• +4, +6
• Ce(OH)3
• Species;
• (cerous hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Ce+4, Ce(OH)+3,
• Species/
• Ce(OH)2+2,
• +6 Species
• Ce(OH)3+ (ceric)
• CeO2 (ceric oxide)
• +6
• CeO3 (peroxide)
• Praseo-
• +3
• Pr+3 (praseodymous)
• +3
• dymium
• Pr2O3 (sesquioxide)
• species/
• (Pr)
• Pr(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +4
• +4
• Pr+4 (praseodymic)
• species
• PrO2 (dioxide)
• Neodym-
• +3
• Nd+3
• +3
• ium
• Nd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• NdO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• Terbium
• +3
• Tb+3
• +3
• (Tb)
• Tb2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Species/
• +4
• TbO2 (peroxide)
• +4 Species
• IIIB
• Acti-
• Thorium
• +4
• Th+4 (thoric)
• +4
• nides
• (Th)
• ThO+2 (thoryl)
• Species/
• HThO3− (thorate)
• +6 Species
• +6
• ThO3 (acid
• peroxide)
• Uranium
• +6
• UO2+2 (uranyl)
• +6
• (U)
• UO3 (uranic oxide)
• Species/
• +8
• HUO5−,
• +8 Species
• UO5−2 (peruranates)
• UO4 (peroxide)
• Neptuni-
• +5
• NpO2+
• +5
• um (Np)
• (hyponeptunyl)
• Species/
• Np2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6, +8
• +6
• NpO2+2 (neptunyl)
• Species;
• NpO3 (trioxide)
• +6
• +8
• NpO4 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +8 Species
• Plutonium
• +3
• Pu+3
• +3
• (Pu)
• +4
• (hypoplutonous)
• Species/
• Pu+4
• +4, +5, +6
• (plutonous)
• Species;
• PuO2 (dioxide)
• +4
• +5
• PuO2+
• Species/
• (hypoplutonyl)
• +5, +6
• Pu2O5 (pentoxide)
• Species;
• +6
• PuO2+2 (plutonyl)
• +5
• PuO3 (peroxide)
• Species/
• +6 Species
• Americi-
• +3
• Am+3
• +3
• um (Am)
• (hypoamericious)
• Species/
• +4
• Am+4 (americous)
• +4, +5, +6
• AmO2 (dioxide)
• Species;
• Am(OH)4
• +4
• (hydroxide)
• Species/
• +5
• AmO2+
• +5, +6
• (hypoamericyl)
• Species;
• Am2O5 (pentoxide)
• +5
• +6
• AmO2+2 (americyl)
• Species/
• AmO3 (peroxide)
• +6 Species
• TABLE II
• Elements Participating as Heteroatoms
• in Heteropolyanion Complex Anion Redox Couple Mediators
• SUB
• GROUP
• GROUP
• ELEMENT
• I
• A
• Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), and
• Cesium (Cs)
• B
• Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), and Gold (Au)
• II
• A
• Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca),
• Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba)
• B
• Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)
• III
• A
• Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al)
• B
• Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) - (See Rare Earths)
• IV
• A
• Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge),
• Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb)
• B
• Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)
• V
• A
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
• Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi)
• B
• Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te)
• B
• Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo), and Tungsten
• (W)
• VII
• A
• Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and
• Iodine (I)
• B
• Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
• Period 5
• Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
• Period 6
• Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
• IIIB
• Rare
• All
• Earths
• wherein the anolyte portion further comprises super oxidizers, ions with an oxidation potential above a threshold value of 1.7 volts at 1 molar, 25° C. and pH 1, which generate inorganic free radicals in aqueous solutions, for involving in a secondary oxidation process for producing oxidizers, and organic free radicals for aiding the process and breaking down the biological waste materials into simpler smaller molecular structure organic compounds.

Apparatus for treating and oxidizing biological waste materials comprising an electrochemical cell, an aqueous electrolyte disposed in the electrochemical cell, a semi permeable membrane, ion selective membrane, microporous membrane, porous ceramic or glass frit membrane disposed in the electrochemical cell for separating the cell into anolyte and catholyte chambers and separating the anolyLe and catholyte portions, electrodes further comprising an anode and a cathode disposed in the electrochemical cell respectively in the anolyte and catholyte chambers and in the anolyte and catholyte portions of the electrolyte, a power supply connected to the anode and the cathode for applying a direct current voltage between the anolyte and the catholyte portions of the electrolyte, and oxidizing of the biological waste materials in the anolyte portion with a mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) process wherein the anolyte portion further comprises a mediator in aqueous solution for producing reversible redox couples used as oxidizing species and thc electrolyte is an acid, neutral or alkaline aqueous solution, wherein the mediator oxidizing species are selected from the group consisting of (a.) simple ion redox couples described in Table I as below;

• (b.) Type I isopolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation of elements in Table I, or mixtures thereof as addenda atoms;
• (c.) Type I heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples formed by incorporation into Type I isopolyanions as heteroatoms any element selected from the group consisting of the elements listed in Table II either singly or in combination thereof, or (d.) heteropolyanions complex anion redox couples containing at least one heteroatom type element contained in both Table I and Table II below or (e.) combinations of the mediator oxidizing species from any or all of (a.), (b.), (c.), and (d.)
• TABLE I
• Simple Ion Redox Couples
• SUB
• SPECIFIC REDOX
• GROUP
• GROUP
• ELEMENT
• VALENCE
• SPECIES
• COUPLES
• I
• A
• None
• B
• Copper (Cu)
• +2
• Cu−2 (cupric)
• +2 Species/ +3, +4
• Species;
• HCuO2 (bicuprite)
• +3 Species/ +4 Species
• CuO2−2 (cuprite)
• +3
• Cu+3
• CuO2− (cuprate)
• Cu2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4
• CuO2 (peroxide)
• Silver (Ag)
• +1
• Ag+ (argentous)
• +1 Species/ +2, +3
• Species;
• AgO− (argentite)
• +2 Species/ +3 Species
• +2
• Ag−2 (argentic)
• AgO (argentic oxide)
• +3
• AgO+ (argentyl)
• Ag2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Gold (Au)
• +1
• Au+ (aurous)
• +1 Species/ +3, +4
• Species;
• +3
• Au+3 (auric)
• +3 Species/ +4 Species
• AuO− (auryl)
• H3AuO3− (auric acid)
• H2AuO3− (monoauarate)
• HAuO3−2 (diaurate)
• AuO3−3 (triaurate)
• Au2O3 (auric oxide)
• Au(OH)3 (auric hydroxide)
• +4
• AuO2 (peroxide)
• II
• A
• Magnesium
• +2
• Mg+2 (magnesic)
• +2 Species/ +4 Species
• (Mg)
• +4
• MgO2 (peroxide)
• Calcium
• +2
• Ca+2
• +2 Species/ +4 Species
• (Ca)
• +4
• CaO2 (peroxide)
• Strontium
• +2
• Sr+2
• +2 Species/ +4 Species
• +4
• SrO2 (peroxide)
• Barium (Ba)
• +2
• Ba+2
• +2 Species/ +4 Species
• +4
• BaO2 (peroxide)
• II
• B
• Zinc (Zn)
• +2
• Zn+2 (zincic)
• +2 Species/
• +4 Species
• ZnOH+ (zincyl)
• HZnO2− (bizincate)
• ZnO2−2 (zincate)
• +4
• ZnO2 (peroxide)
• Mercury
• +2
• Hg+2 (mercuric)
• +2 Species/
• (Hg)
• +4 Species
• Hg(OH)2 (mercuric
• hydroxide)
• HHgO2− (mercurate)
• +4
• HgO2 (peroxide)
• III
• A
• Boron
• +3
• H3BO3 (orthoboric acid)
• +3 Species/
• +4.5, +5
• Species
• H2BO3−, HBO3−2, BO3−3
• (orthoborates)
• BO2− (metaborate)
• H2B4O7 (tetraboric acid)
• HB4O7−/B4O7−2
• (tetraborates)
• B2O4−2 (diborate)
• B6O10−2 (hexaborate)
• +4.5
• B2O5− (diborate)
• +5
• BO3−/BO2−•H2O
• (perborate)
• Thallium
• +1
• Tl+1 (thallous)
• +1 Species/
• (Tl)
• +3 or +3.33
• Species;
• +3
• Tl+3 (thallic)
• +3 Species/
• +3.33 Species
• TlO+, TlOH+2, Tl(OH)2+
• (thallyl)
• Tl2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Tl(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +3.33
• Tl3O5 (peroxide)
• B
• See Rare
• Earths and
• Actinides
• IV
• A
• Carbon (C)
• +4
• H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
• +4 Species/
• +5, +6 Species
• HCO3− (bicarbonate)
• CO3−2 (carbonate)
• +5
• H2C2O6 (perdicarbonic acid)
• +6
• H2CO4 (permonocarbonic acid)
• Germanium
• +4
• H2GeO3 (germanic acid)
• +4 Species/
• (Ge)
• +6 Species
• HGeO3− (bigermaniate)
• GeO3−4 (germinate)
• Ge+4 (germanic)
• GeO4−4
• H2Ge2O5 (digermanic acid)
• H2Ge4O9 (tetragermanic acid)
• H2Ge5O11 (pentagermanic acid)
• HGe5O11− (bipentagermanate)
• +6
• Ge5O11−2 (pentagermanate)
• Tin (Sn)
• +4
• Sn+4 (stannic)
• +4 Species/
• +7 Species
• HSnO3− (bistannate)
• SnO3−2 (stannate)
• SnO2 (stannic oxide)
• Sn(OH)4 (stannic hydroxide)
• +7
• SnO4− (perstannate)
• Lead (Pb)
• +2
• Pb+2 (plumbous)
• +2, +2.67, +3
• Species/+4
• Species
• HPbO2− (biplumbite)
• PbOH+
• PbO2−2 (plumbite)
• PbO (plumbus oxide)
• +2.67
• Pb3O4 (plumbo-plumbic oxide)
• +3
• Pb2O3 (sequioxide)
• IV
• A
• Lead (Pb)
• +4
• Pb+4 (plumbic)
• +2, +2.67, +3
• Species/+4
• Species
• PbO3−2 (metaplumbate)
• HPbO3− (acid metaplumbate)
• PbO4−4 (orthoplumbate)
• PbO2 (dioxide)
• IV
• B
• Titanium
• +4
• TiO+2 (pertitanyl)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• HTiO4− (titanate)
• TiO2 (dioxide)
• +6
• TiO2+2 (pertitanyl)
• HTiO4− (acid pertitanate)
• TiO4−2 (pertitanate)
• TiO3 (peroxide)
• Zirconium
• +4
• Zr+4 (zirconic)
• +4 Species/ +5,
• (Zr)
• +6, +7 Species
• ZrO+2 (zirconyl)
• HZrO3− (zirconate)
• +5
• Zr2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6
• ZrO3 (peroxide)
• +7
• Zr2O7 (heptoxide)
• Hafnium
• +4
• Hf+4 (hafnic)
• +4 Species/
• (Hf)
• +6 Species
• HfO+2 (hafnyl)
• +6
• HfO3 (peroxide)
• V
• A
• Nitrogen
• +5
• HNO3 (nitric acid)
• +5 species/
• +7 Species
• NO3− (nitrate)
• +7
• HNO4 (pernitric acid)
• Phosphorus
• +5
• H3PO4 (orthophosphoric acid)
• +5 Species/
• (P)
• +6, +7 species
• H2PO4− (monoorthophosphate)
• HPO4−2 (diorthophosphate)
• PO4−3 (triorthophosphate)
• HPO3 (metaphosphoric acid)
• H4P2O7 (pryophosphoric acid)
• H5P3O10 (triphosphoric acid)
• H6P4O13 (tetraphosphoric acid)
• V
• A
• Phosphorus
• +6
• H4P2O8 (perphosphoric acid)
• +5 Species/
• (P)
• +6, +7 Species
• +7
• H3PO5 (monoperphosphoric acid)
• V
• A
• Arsenic (As)
• +5
• H3AsO4 (ortho-arsenic acid)
• +5 Species/
• +7 species
• H2AsO4− (mono ortho-arsenate)
• HAsO4−2 (di-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO4−3 (tri-ortho-arsenate)
• AsO2+ (arsenyl)
• +7
• AsO3+ (perarsenyl)
• Bismuth
• +3
• Bi+3 (bismuthous)
• +3 Species/
• (Bi)
• +3.5, +4, +5
• Species
• BiOH+2 (hydroxybismuthous)
• BiO+ (bismuthyl)
• BiO2− (metabismuthite)
• +3.5
• Bi4O7 (oxide)
• +4
• Bi2O4 (tetroxide)
• +5
• BiO3− (metabismuthite)
• Bi2O5 (pentoxide)
• B
• Vanadium
• +5
• VO2+ (vanadic)
• +5 Species/
• (V)
• +7, +9 Species
• H3V2O7− (pyrovanadate)
• H2VO4− (orthovanadate)
• VO3− (metavanadate)
• HVO4−2 (orthovanadate)
• VO4−3 (orthovanadate)
• V2O5 (pentoxide)
• H4V2O7 (pyrovanadic acid)
• HVO3 (metavanadic acid)
• H4V6O17 (hexavanadic acid)
• +7
• VO4− (pervanadate)
• +9
• VO5− (hypervanadate)
• V
• B
• Niobium
• +5
• NbO3− (metaniobate)
• +5 Species/ +7
• (Nb)
• species
• NbO4−3 (orthoniobate)
• Nb2O5 (pentoxide)
• HNbO3 (niobid acid)
• +7
• NbO4− (perniobate)
• Nb2O7 (perniobic oxide)
• HNbO4 (perniobic acid)
• Tantalum
• +5
• TaO3− (metatantalate)
• +5 species/ +7
• (Ta)
• species
• TaO4−3 (orthotanatalate)
• Ta2O5 (pentoxide)
• HTaO3 (tantalic acid)
• +7
• TaO4−(pentantalate)
• Ta2O7 (pertantalate)
• HTaO4•H2O (pertantalic acid)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S)
• +6
• H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)
• +6 Species/ +7,
• +8 Species
• HSO4− (bisulfate)
• SO4−2 (sulfate)
• +7
• S2O8−2 (dipersulfate)
• +8
• H2SO5 (momopersulfuric acid)
• Selenium
• +6
• H2Se2O4 (selenic acid)
• +6 species/ +7
• (Se)
• Species
• HSeO4− (biselenate)
• SeO4−2 (selenate)
• +7
• H2Se2O8 (perdiselenic acid)
• Tellurium
• +6
• H2TeO4 (telluric acid)
• +6 species/ +7
• (Tc)
• species
• HTeO4− (bitellurate)
• TeO4−2 (tellurate)
• +7
• H2Te2O8 (perditellenic acid)
• Polonium
• +2
• Po+2 (polonous)
• +2, +4 species/
• (Po)
• +6 Species
• +4
• PoO3−2 (polonate)
• +6
• PoO3 (peroxide)
• VI
• B
• Chromium
• +3
• Cr+3 (chromic)
• +3 Species/
• +4, +6 Species;
• CrOH+2, Cr(OH)2+ (chromyls)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• CrO2−, CrO3−3 (chromites)
• Cr2O3 (chromic oxide)
• Cr(OH)3 (chromic hydroxide)
• +4
• CrO2 (dioxide)
• Cr(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• H2CrO4 (chromic acid)
• HCrO4− (acid chromate)
• CrO4−2 (chromate)
• Cr2O7−2 (dichromate)
• Molybdenum
• +6
• HMoO4− (bimolybdate)
• +6 Species/
• (Mo)
• +7 Species
• MoO4−2 (molybdate)
• MoO3 (molybdic trioxide)
• H2MoO4 (molybolic acid)
• +7
• MoO4−(permolybdate)
• Tungsten
• +6
• WO4−2 (tungstic)
• +6 Species/
• (W)
• +8 Species
• WO3 (trioxide)
• H2WO4 (tungstic acid)
• +8
• WO5−2 (pertungstic)
• H2WO5 (pertungstic acid)
• VII
• A
• Chlorine (Cl)
• +1
• HClO (hypochlorous acid)
• +1 Species/ +3,
• +5, +7 Species;
• ClO− (hypochlorite)
• +3 Species/
• +5, +7 Species;
• +3
• HClO2 (chlorous acid)
• +5 Species/
• +7 Species
• ClO2− (chlorite)
• +5
• HClO3 (chloric acid)
• ClO3− (chlorate)
• +7
• HClO4 (perchloric acid)
• ClO4−, HClO5−2, ClO5−3, Cl2O9−4
• (perchlorates)
• VII
• A
• Bromine (Br)
• +1
• HBrO (hypobromous acid)
• +1 Species/ +3,
• +5, +7 Species;
• BrO− (hypobromitee)
• +3 Species/ +5,
• +7 Species;
• +3
• HBrO2 (bromous acid)
• +5 Species/ +7
• Species
• BrO2− (bromite)
• +5
• HBrO3 (bromic acid)
• BrO3− (bromate)
• +7
• HBrO4 (perbromic acid)
• BrO4−, HBrO5−2, BrO5−3, Br2O9−4
• (prebromates)
• Iodine
• +1
• HlO (hypoiodus acid)
• +1 Species/ +3,
• +5, +7 Species;
• IO− (hypoiodite)
• +3 Species/ +5,
• +7 Species;
• +3
• HIO2 (iodous acid)
• +5 Species/ +7
• Species
• IO2− (iodite)
• +5
• HIO3 (iodic acid)
• IO3− (iodate)
• +7
• HIO4 (periodic acid)
• IO4−, HIO5−2, IO5−3, I2O9−4
• (periodates)
• B
• Manganese
• +2
• Mn+2 (manganeous)
• +2 Species/ +3,
• (Mn)
• +4, +6, +7
• Species;
• HMnO2− (dimanganite)
• +3 Species/ +4,
• +6, +7 Species;
• +3
• Mn+3 (manganic)
• +4 Species/ +6,
• +7 Species;
• +4
• MnO2 (dioxide)
• +6 Species/ +7
• Species
• +6
• MnO4−2 (manganate)
• +7
• MnO4− (permanganate)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +3
• Fe+3 (ferric)
• +3 Species/+4,
• Fe(OH)+2
• +5, +6 Species;
• Fe(OH)2+
• FeO2−2 (ferrite)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe)
• +4
• FeO+2 (ferryl)
• +4 Species/
• +5, +6 Species;
• FeO2−2 (perferrite)
• +5 Species/
• +6 Species
• +5
• FeO2+ (perferryl)
• +6
• FeO4−2 (ferrate)
• Cobalt (Co)
• +2
• Co+2 (cobalous)
• +2 Species/
• +3, +4 Species;
• HCoO2− (dicobaltite)
• +3 Species/
• +4 Species
• +3
• Co+3 (cobaltic)
• Co2O3 (cobaltic oxide)
• +4
• CoO2 (peroxide)
• H2CoO3 (cobaltic acid)
• Nickel (Ni)
• +2
• Ni+2 (nickelous)
• +2 Species/ +3,
• +4, +6 Species;
• NiOH+
• +3 Species/
• +4, +6 Species;
• HNiO2− (dinickelite)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• NiO2−2 (nickelite)
• +3
• Ni+3 (nickelic)
• Ni2O3 (nickelic oxide)
• +4
• NiO2 (peroxide)
• +6
• NiO4−2 (nickelate)
• VIII
• Period 5
• Ruthenium
• +2
• Ru+2
• +2 Species/ +3,
• (Ru)
• +4, +5, +6, +7,
• +8 Species;
• +3
• Ru+3
• +3 Species/ +4,
• +5, +6, +7, +8
• Species;
• Ru2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4 Species/
• +5, +6, +7, +8
• Species;
• Ru(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +5 Species/ +6,
• +7, +8 Species;
• +4
• Ru+4 (ruthenic)
• +6 Species/
• +7, +8 Species;
• RuO2 (ruthenic dioxide)
• +7 Species/
• +8 Species
• Ru(OH)4 (ruthenic hydroxide)
• +5
• Ru2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6
• RuO4−2 (ruthenate)
• RuO2+2 (ruthenyl)
• RuO3 (trioxide)
• +7
• RuO4− (perruthenate)
• +8
• H2RuO4 (hyperuthenic acid)
• HRuO5− (diperruthenate)
• RuO4 (ruthenium tetroxide)
• Rhodium
• +1
• Rh+ (hyporhodous)
• +1 Species/ +2,
• (Rh)
• +3, +4, +6
• Species;
• +2
• Rh+2 (rhodous)
• +2 Species/ +3,
• +4, +6 Species;
• +3,
• Rh+3 (rhodic)
• +3 Species/ +4,
• +6 Species;
• Rh2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4 Species/ +6
• Species
• +4
• RhO2 (rhodic oxide)
• Rh(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• RhO4−2 (rhodate)
• RhO3 (trioxide)
• Palladium
• +2
• Pd+2 (palladous)
• +2 Species/ +3,
• +4, +6 Species;
• PdO2−2 (palladite)
• +3 Species/
• +4, +6 Species;
• +3
• Pd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• +4
• Pd O3−2 (palladate)
• PdO2 (dioxide)
• Pd(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +6
• PdO3 (peroxide)
• VIII
• Period 6
• Iridium (Ir)
• +3
• Ir+3 (iridic)
• +3 Species/
• +4, +6 Species;
• Ir2O3 (iridium sesquioxide)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• Ir (OH)3 (iridium hydroxide)
• +4
• IrO2 (iridic oxide)
• Ir (OH)4 (iridic hydroxide)
• +6
• IrO4−2 (iridate)
• IrO3 (iridium peroxide)
• Platinum
• +2
• Pt+2 (platinous)
• +2, +3 Species/
• (Pt)
• +4, +6 Species;
• +3
• Pt2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• +4
• PtO3−2 (palatinate)
• PtO+2 (platinyl)
• Pt(OH)+3
• PtO2 (platonic oxide)
• +6
• PtO4−2 (Perplatinate)
• PtO3 (perplatinic oxide)
• IIIB
• Rare
• Cerium (Ce)
• +3
• Ce+3 (cerous)
• +3 Species/
• earths
• +4, +6 Species;
• Ce2O3 (cerous oxide)
• +4 Species/
• +6 Species
• Ce(OH)3 (cerous hydroxide)
• +4
• Ce+4, Ce(OH)+3, Ce(OH)2+2,
• Ce(OH)3+ (ceric)
• CeO2 (ceric oxide)
• +6
• CeO3 (peroxide)
• Praseodymium
• +3
• Pr+3 (praseodymous)
• +3 species/ +4
• (Pr)
• species
• Pr2O3 (sesquioxide)
• Pr(OH)3 (hydroxide)
• +4
• Pr+4 (praseodymic)
• PrO2 (dioxide)
• Neodymium
• +3
• Nd+3
• +3 Species/ +4
• Species
• Nd2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4
• NdO2 (peroxide)
• Terbium (Tb)
• +3
• Tb+3
• +3 Species/ +4
• Species
• Tb2O3 (sesquioxide)
• +4
• TbO2 (peroxide)
• IIIB
• Actinides
• Thorium (Th)
• +4
• Th+4 (thoric)
• +4 Species/ +6
• Species
• ThO+2 (thoryl)
• HThO3− (thorate)
• +6
• ThO3 (acid peroxide)
• Uranium (U)
• +6
• UO2+2 (uranyl)
• +6 Species/ +8
• Species
• UO3 (uranic oxide)
• +8
• HUO5−, UO5−2 (peruranates)
• UO4 (peroxide)
• Neptunium
• +5
• NpO2+ (hyponeptunyl)
• +5 Species/ +6,
• (Np)
• +8 Species;
• Np2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6 Species/ +8
• Species
• +6
• NpO2+2 (neptunyl)
• NpO3 (trioxide)
• +8
• NpO4 (peroxide)
• Plutonium
• +3
• Pu+3 (hypoplutonous)
• +3 Species/ +4,
• (Pu)
• +5, +6 Species;
• +4
• Pu+4 (plutonous)
• +4 Species/ +5,
• +6 Species;
• PuO2 (dioxide)
• +5 Species/ +6
• Species
• +5
• PuO2+ (hypoplutonyl)
• Pu2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6
• PuO2+2 (plutonyl)
• PuO3 (peroxide)
• Americium
• +3
• Am+3 (hypoamericious)
• +3 Species/ +4,
• (Am)
• +5, +6 Species;
• +4
• Am+4 (americous)
• +4 Species/ +5,
• +6 Species;
• AmO2 (dioxide)
• +5 Species/ +6
• Species
• Am(OH)4 (hydroxide)
• +5
• AmO2+ (hypoamericyl)
• Am2O5 (pentoxide)
• +6
• AmO2+2 (americyl)
• AmO3 (peroxide)
• TABLE II
• Elements Participating as Heteroatoms in Heteropolyanion Complex Anion
• Redox Couple Mediators
• SUB
• GROUP
• GROUP
• ELEMENT
• I
• A
• Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K),
• and Cesium (Cs)
• B
• Copper (Cu), Silver (Ag), and Gold (Au)
• II
• A
• Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg),
• Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), and Barium (Ba)
• B
• Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Mercury (Hg)
• III
• A
• Boron (B), and Aluminum (Al)
• B
• Scandium (Sc), and Yttrium (Y) - (See Rare Earths)
• IV
• A
• Carbon (C), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn)
• and Lead (Pb)
• B
• Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr), and Hafnium (Hf)
• V
• A
• Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), Arsenic (As),
• Antimony (Sb), and Bismuth (Bi)
• B
• Vanadium (V), Niobium (Nb), and Tantalum (Ta)
• VI
• A
• Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), and Tellurium (Te)
• B
• Chromium (Cr), Molybdenum (Mo),
• and Tungsten (W)
• VII
• A
• Fluorine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br),
• and Iodine (I)
• B
• Manganese (Mn), Technetium (Tc), and Rhenium (Re)
• VIII
• Period 4
• Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni)
• Period 5
• Ruthenium (Ru), Rhodium (Rh), and Palladium (Pd)
• Period 6
• Osmium (Os), Iridium (Ir), and Platinum (Pt)
• IIIB
• Rare
• All
• Earths
• further comprising additives disposed in the electrolyte for contributing to kinetics of the mediated electrochemical processes while keeping it from becoming directly involved in the oxidizing of the biological waste materials, and stabilizer compounds disposed in the electrolyte for stabilizing higher oxidation state species of oxidized forms of the reversible redox couples used as the oxidizing species in the electrolyte, wherein the stabilizing compounds are tellurate or periodate ions.