Electromagnetic actuator and control

An internal combustion engine comprising:

• a cylinder that defines a chamber;
• a valve adapted to control the flow of a liquid or a gas into or out of the chamber;
• and
• an electromagnetic actuator coupled to the valve, the actuator comprising:
• a stator assembly comprising:
• a coiled conductor adapted to generate a first magnetic field when current is applied;
• a center pole formed of a material having high magnetic permeability and having a longitudinal axis and a channel;
• and
• an armature assembly at least partially disposed within the stator assembly opening, the armature assembly comprising:
• a permanent magnet, wherein the armature assembly is configured to move to open or close the valve when current is applied to the coiled conductor,
• a cooling circuit comprising:
• a heat exchanger;
• and
• a pump configured to circulate cooling fluid between the electromagnetic actuator and the heat exchanger through the channel in the center pole.