Adaptive scanning of materials using nuclear resonance fluorescence imaging

A method for conducting a scan of a target sample for a potential item of interest, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons incident upon the target sample such that some photons are scattered from at least a portion of the sample;
• b) for the said at least a portion of the target sample:
• i) measuring an energy spectrum of photons scattered from the said at least a portion of the target sample;
• ii) using the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the said at least a portion of the target sample to compute a detection probability and a probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• iii) using the measured energy spectrum of photons scattered from the said at least a portion of the target sample to determine whether an item of interest has been detected;
• iv) if an item of interest has not been detected:
• A) determining whether the detection probability meets or exceeds a predetermined desired detection probability;
• B) if the detection probability meets or exceeds the predetermined desired detection probability, ending the scan for the said at least a portion of the target sample;
• and
• C) if the detection probability does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired detection probability, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (iv);
• and
• v) if an item of interest has been detected:
• A) determining whether the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal exceeds a predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• B) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal meets or exceeds the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (v);
• and
• C) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, identifying a positive item of interest detection event.

A method for conducting a scan of a target sample for a potential item of interest, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons incident upon the target sample such that some photons are scattered from at least a portion of the sample and some photons are transmitted through the said at least a portion of the target sample;
• b) providing at least one reference scatterer, which reference scatterer comprises at least one nuclear species of interest;
• c) for the said at least a portion of the target sample:
• i) measuring an energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the said at least a portion of the target sample and scattered from the said reference scatterer;
• ii) using the energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the said at least a portion of the target sample and scattered from the said reference scatterer to compute a detection probability and a probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• iii) using the measured energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the said at least a portion of the target sample and scattered from the said reference scatterer to determine whether an item of interest has been detected;
• iv) if an item of interest has not been detected:
• A) determining whether the detection probability meets or exceeds a predetermined desired detection probability;
• B) if the detection probability meets or exceeds the predetermined desired detection probability, ending the scan for the said at least a portion of the target sample;
• and
• C) if the detection probability does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired detection probability, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (iv);
• and
• v) if an item of interest has been detected:
• A) determining whether the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal exceeds a predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• B) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal meets or exceeds the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (v);
• and
• C) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, identifying a positive item of interest detection event.

A method for conducting a scan of a target sample for a potential item of interest, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons incident upon the target sample such that some photons are scattered from the sample and some photons are transmitted through the sample;
• b) measuring an intensity of photons transmitted through at least a portion of the target sample;
• c) providing at least one reference scatterer, which reference scatterer comprises at least one nuclear species of interest;
• d) using the measured intensity of photons transmitted through the at least a portion of the target sample to identify at least one region of interest for further study;
• e) for at least one of the at least one regions of interest:
• i) measuring an energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the region of interest and scattered from the at least one reference scatterer;
• ii) using the energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the region of interest and scattered from the at least one reference scatterer to compute a detection probability and a probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• iii) using the measured energy spectrum of photons transmitted through the region of interest and scattered from the region of interest to determine whether an item of interest has been detected;
• iv) if an item of interest has not been detected:
• A) determining whether the detection probability meets or exceeds a predetermined desired detection probability;
• B) if the detection probability meets or exceeds the predetermined desired detection probability, ending the scan for the region of interest;
• and
• C) if the detection probability does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired detection probability, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (iv);
• and
• v) if an item of interest has been detected:
• A) determining whether the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal exceeds a predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• B) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal meets or exceeds the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (v);
• and
• C) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, identifying a positive item of interest detection event.

A method for conducting a scan of a target sample for a potential item of interest, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons incident upon the target sample such that some photons are scattered from the sample and some photons are transmitted through the sample;
• b) providing at least one reference scatterer, which reference scatterer comprises at least one nuclear species of interest;
• c) using the measured intensity of photons transmitted through the target sample and scattered from the at least one reference scatterer to identify at least one region of interest for further study;
• d) for at least one of the at least one regions of interest:
• i) measuring an energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest;
• ii) using the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest to compute a detection probability and a probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• iii) using the measured energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest to determine whether an item of interest has been detected;
• iv) if an item of interest has not been detected:
• A) determining whether the detection probability meets or exceeds a predetermined desired detection probability;
• B) if the detection probability meets or exceeds the predetermined desired detection probability, ending the scan for the region of interest;
• and
• C) if the detection probability does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired detection probability, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (iv);
• and
• v) if an item of interest has been detected:
• A) determining whether the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal exceeds a predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• B) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal meets or exceeds the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (v);
• and
• C) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, identifying a positive item of interest detection event.

A method for detecting in an inspection a potential item of interest in a target sample, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons for the inspection;
• b) illuminating the target sample with photons from the source during the inspection;
• c) providing at least one photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from at least a portion of the target sample in at least one energy channel during the inspection;
• d) determining a nominal background signal in at least one energy channel of interest during the inspection;
• e) determining whether data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection is sufficient to detect the potential item of interest with a desired statistical precision;
• f) if the said data is not sufficient for the said detection, dynamically adjusting one or more system parameters during the inspection based upon at least one measured characteristic of the actual target sample or a portion of the actual target sample to improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a statistical precision of data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest;
• g) if the said data is sufficient for the said detection, identifying an item of interest detection event if the intensity of photons detected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection meets a predetermined item of interest detection criterion.

A method for detecting in an inspection a potential item of interest in a target sample, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons for the inspection;
• b) illuminating the target sample with photons from the source during the inspection;
• c) providing at least one photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from at least a portion the target sample in at least one energy channel during the inspection;
• d) providing a transmission detector for measuring an intensity of photons transmitted through the target sample as a function of a position on the target sample at which the photons illuminate the target sample during the inspection;
• e) identifying at least one region of interest for further scanning using the intensity of photons transmitted through the target sample as a function of a position on the target sample at which the photons illuminate the target sample during the inspection;
• f) determining a nominal background signal in at least one energy channel of interest during the inspection;
• g) determining whether data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection is sufficient to detect the potential item of interest with a desired statistical precision;
• h) if the said data is not sufficient for the said detection, dynamically adjusting one or more system parameters during the inspection based upon at least one measured characteristic of the actual target sample or a portion of the actual target sample to improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a statistical precision of data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest;
• i) if the said data is sufficient for the said detection, identifying an item of interest detection event if the intensity of photons detected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection meets a predetermined item of interest detection criterion.

A method for detecting in an inspection a potential item of interest in a target sample, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons for the inspection;
• b) illuminating the target sample with photons from the source during the inspection;
• c) providing at least one reference scatterer during the inspection, the reference scatterer comprising at least one nuclear species of interest;
• d) allowing photons transmitted through the target sample to scatter from the at least one reference scatterer during the inspection;
• e) providing at least one photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from the at least one reference scatterer in at least one energy channel during the inspection;
• f) determining a nominal background signal in at least one energy channel of interest during the inspection;
• g) determining whether data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection is sufficient to detect the potential item of interest with a desired statistical precision;
• h) if the said data is not sufficient for the said detection, dynamically adjusting one or more system parameters during the inspection based upon at least one measured characteristic of the actual target sample or a portion of the actual target sample to improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a statistical precision of data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest;
• i) if the said data is sufficient for the said detection, identifying an item of interest detection event if the intensity of photons detected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection meets a predetermined item of interest detection criterion.

A method for detecting in an inspection a potential item of interest in a target sample, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons for the inspection;
• b) illuminating the target sample with photons from the source during the inspection;
• c) providing a transmission detector for measuring an intensity of photons transmitted through the target sample as a function of a position on the target sample at which the photons illuminate the target sample during the inspection;
• d) identifying at least one region of interest for further scanning using the intensity of photons transmitted through the target sample as a function of a position on the target sample at which the photons illuminate the target sample during the inspection;
• e) providing at least one reference scatterer during the inspection, the reference scatterer comprising at least one nuclear species of interest;
• f) allowing photons transmitted through the at least one region of interest of the target sample to scatter from the at least one reference scatterer during the inspection;
• g) providing at least one photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from the at least one reference scatterer in at least one energy channel during the inspection;
• h) determining a nominal background signal in at least one energy channel of interest during the inspection;
• i) determining whether data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection is sufficient to detect the potential item of interest with a desired statistical precision;
• j) if the said data is not sufficient for the said detection, dynamically adjusting one or more system parameters during the inspection based upon at least one measured characteristic of the actual target sample or a portion of the actual target sample to improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a statistical precision of data collected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest;
• k) if the said data is sufficient for the said detection, identifying an item of interest detection event if the intensity of photons detected in at least one of the at least one energy channels of interest during the inspection meets a predetermined item of interest detection criterion.

A method for detecting in an inspection a potential item of interest in a target sample, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons for the inspection;
• b) illuminating the target sample with photons from the source during the inspection;
• c) providing at least one reference scatterer during the inspection, the reference scatterer comprising at least one nuclear species of interest;
• d) allowing photons transmitted through the target sample to scatter from the at least one reference scatterer during the inspection;
• e) providing at least one reference-photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from the at least one reference scatterer in at least one reference-photon energy channel of interest as a function of a position on the target sample at which the photons illuminate the target sample during the inspection;
• f) using the intensity of photons measured by at least one of the at least one reference-photon detectors in at least one of the at least one reference-photon energy channels of interest to identify at least one region of interest for further scanning during the inspection;
• g) providing at least one scattered-photon detector to measure an intensity of photons scattered from at least one of the at least one region of interest in the target sample in at least one scattered-photon energy channel during the inspection;
• h) determining a nominal background signal in at least one scattered-photon energy channel of interest during the inspection;
• i) determining whether data collected in at least one of the at least one scattered-photon energy channels of interest during the inspection is sufficient to detect the potential item of interest with a desired statistical precision;
• j) if the said data is not sufficient for the said detection, dynamically adjusting one or more system parameters during the inspection based upon at least one measured characteristic of the actual target sample or a portion of the actual target sample to improve a signal-to-noise ratio and/or a statistical precision of data collected in at least one of the at least one scattered-photon energy channels of interest;
• k) if the said data is sufficient for the said detection, identifying an item of interest detection event if the intensity of photons detected in at least one of the at least one scattered-photon energy channels of interest during the inspection meets a predetermined item of interest detection criterion.

A method for conducting a scan of a target sample for a potential item of interest, the method comprising:

• a) providing a source of photons incident upon the target sample such that some photons are scattered from the sample and some photons are transmitted through the sample;
• b) measuring an intensity of photons transmitted through at least a portion of the target sample;
• c) using the measured intensity of photons transmitted through the at least a portion of the target sample to identify at least one region of interest for further study;
• d) for at least one of the at least one regions of interest:
• i) measuring an energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest;
• ii) using the energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest to compute a detection probability and a probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• iii) using the measured energy spectrum of photons scattered from the region of interest to determine whether an item of interest has been detected;
• iv) if an item of interest has not been detected:
• A) determining whether the detection probability meets or exceeds a predetermined desired detection probability;
• B) if the detection probability meets or exceeds the predetermined desired detection probability, ending the scan for the region of interest;
• and
• C) if the detection probability does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired detection probability, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (iv);
• and
• v) if an item of interest has been detected:
• A) determining whether the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal exceeds a predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result;
• B) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal meets or exceeds the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, adjusting one or more system parameters and repeating steps (i) through (v);
• and
• C) if the probability that the item of interest detection is a false positive signal does not meet or exceed the predetermined desired probability of obtaining a false positive result, identifying a positive item of interest detection event.