A conductive organic thin film, comprising organic molecules, each of the organic molecules having:
- a terminal binding group that is bound with a surface of a substrate by a covalent bond, the terminal binding group being present at one of the ends of the organic molecule;
- a conjugate group that is polymerized with another molecule, the conjugate group being present in the organic molecule;
- and
- a photoresponsive functional group including no active hydrogen, the photoresponsive functional group being present between the terminal binding group and the conjugate group,
- wherein
- the organic molecules are aligned, and
- the conjugate group of each molecule is polymerized with the conjugate group of another molecule so that a conductive network is formed, and
- the conductive network is switchable between different states having first and second conductivities, respectively, the switching being conducted by selecting a wavelength of light projected to the conductive network, and
- the photoresponsive functional group including no active hydrogen is an azo group (—N═N—).