Photovoltaic devices fabricated by growth from porous template

A photovoltaic device, comprising:

• a porous template of anodized metal having an array of template pores;
• a first charge-transfer material that at least partially fills the template pores, a second charge transfer material that fills additional space not occupied by the first charge-transfer material, wherein the first charge-transfer material has complementary charge-transfer characteristics with respect to the porous template;
• a base electrode;
• and
• a transparent conducting electrode (TCE),
• wherein the first and second charge-transfer materials are disposed between the base electrode and the TCE.

A method for making a photovoltaic device, comprising:

• anodizing a layer of metal to form a porous template having an array of template pores;
• filling the template pores with a first charge-transfer material;
• and
• filling additional space not occupied by the first charge-transfer material with a second charge-transfer material that is complementary to the first charge-transfer material,
• wherein filling the template pores with a first charge-transfer material includes:
• partly filling one or more of the template pores with the first charge-transfer material to form one or more tubules wherein the additional space is a tubule pore in each tubule.

A method for making a photovoltaic device, comprising:

• anodizing a layer of metal to form a porous template having an array of template pores;
• filling the template pores with a first charge-transfer material;
• and
• filling additional space not occupied by the first charge-transfer material with a second charge-transfer material that is complementary to the first charge-transfer material, wherein filling the template pores with a first charge-transfer material includes completely filling the pores with the first charge-transfer material and removing the porous template leaving behind structures of the first charge-transfer material with spaces between the structures.