Blood-related dialysis and treatment

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant;
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, whereby the application of such voltage potential moves at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream, whereby substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminant is initiated by the voltage potential;
• (d) periodically stopping and reversing the voltage potential to cause movement of at least any of the at least one blood component having entered the first selective membrane to move back into the first solvent stream and wherein substantially not causing any of the metabolic contaminants that have entered the second solvent stream to re-enter the first solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining steps (c) or (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, whereby the application of such voltage potential moves at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream, whereby substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminant is initiated by the voltage potential;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the first solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant, and at least one blood component has undergone treatment consisting of diffusive hemodialysis, convective hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodialfiltration, and combinations thereof prior to, subsequent to, or concurrently therewith step (a);
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, whereby the application of such voltage potential moves at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream, whereby substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminant is initiated by the voltage potential;
• and
• (d) maintaining step (c) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge, an uncharged metabolic contaminant, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along the first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminants is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the uncharged metabolic contaminants contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge, an uncharged metabolic contaminant, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge;
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminants is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the uncharged metabolic contaminants contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• and
• (d) periodically stopping and reversing the voltage potential to cause movement of at least any of the at least one blood component having entered the first selective membrane to move back into the first solvent stream and wherein substantially not causing any of the metabolic contaminants that have entered the second solvent stream to re-enter the first solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining steps (c) or (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge, an uncharged metabolic contaminant, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminants is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the uncharged metabolic contaminants contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the first solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream, wherein at least one blood component has undergone treatment consisting of diffusive hemodialysis, convective hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodialfiltration, and combinations thereof prior to, subsequent to, or concurrently therewith step (a);
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge, an uncharged metabolic contaminant, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant capable of obtaining a charge;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the charged metabolic contaminants through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged metabolic contaminants is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the uncharged metabolic contaminants contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant and at least one blood component so as to flow along the first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the metabolic contaminants is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the at least one blood component is initiated by the voltage potential;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the metabolic contaminants is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the least one blood component is initiated by the voltage potential;
• (d) periodically stopping and reversing the voltage potential to cause movement of at least any of the metabolic contaminants having entered the first selective membrane to move back into the first solvent stream and wherein substantially not causing any of the at least one blood component that has entered the second solvent stream to re-enter the first solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining steps (c) or (d) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component form a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the metabolic contaminants is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the at least one blood component is initiated by the voltage potential;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the second solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing metabolic contaminants from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a metabolic contaminant and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein at least one blood component has undergone treatment consisting of diffusive hemodialysis, convective hemodialysis, hemofiltration, hemodialfiltration, and combinations thereof prior to, subsequent to, or concurrently therewith step (a);
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second, solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the metabolic contaminants is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the least one blood component is initiated by the voltage potential;
• and
• (d) maintaining step (c) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound capable of obtaining a charge and at least one blood component, so as to flow along the first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged compound is initiated by the voltage potential;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound capable of obtaining a charge and at lease one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the metabolic contaminant;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the charged compound is initiated by the voltage potential;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the first solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound capable of obtaining a charge, a selected uncharged compounds, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along the first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the selected compound capable of obtaining a charge;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent steam while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the selected uncharged compounds contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound capable of obtaining a charge, a selected uncharged compounds, and at least one blood component, so as to flow along a first selective membrane, wherein such pH produces a net charge on the selected compound capable of obtaining a charge;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is initiated by the voltage potential, wherein at least a portion of the selected uncharged compounds contained in the first solvent stream migrates through the selective membrane into the second solvent stream;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the second solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along the first selective membrane;
• (b) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (c) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the selected compounds is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the at least one blood component is initiated by voltage potential;
• and
• (d) maintaining step (c) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) applying at least one voltage potential across each of the first and second solvent streams, wherein the application of such voltage potential causes movement of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the selected compounds is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein substantially all transmembrane migration of the at least one blood component is initiated by the voltage potential;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the second solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the second solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along the first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal;
• (d) causing migration of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein the transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is assisted by at least one of an application of a voltage potential across the first and second solvent streams, selected pH of first solvent stream, salt concentration in at least one of first and second solvent streams, concentration of the at least one blood component in the first solvent stream, concentration of the selected compounds in at least one of the first and second solvent streams, temperature of at least one of the first and second solvent streams, and preselected pore size of the selective membrane;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) causing migration of at least a portion of the selected charged compounds through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the at least one blood component is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein the transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is assisted by at least one of an application of a voltage potential across the first and second solvent streams, selected pH of first solvent stream, salt concentration in at least one of first and second solvent streams, concentration of the at least one blood component in the first solvent stream, concentration of the selected compounds in at least one of the first and second solvent streams, temperature of at least one of the first and second solvent streams, and preselected pore size of the selective membrane;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the first solvent stream to the subject.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) selecting a first selective membrane composed of a polyacrylamide hydrogel;
• (b) directing a first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby, the pressure in both streams being substantially equal;
• (d) causing migration of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the selected compound is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein the transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is assisted by at least one of an application of a voltage potential across the first and second solvent streams, selected pH of first solvent stream, salt concentration in at least one of first and second solvent streams, concentration of the at least one blood component in the first solvent stream, concentration of the selected compounds in at least one of the first and second solvent streams, temperature of at least one of the first and second solvent streams, and preselected pore size of the selective membrane;
• and
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component.

A method for selectively removing selected compounds from at least one blood component, comprising:

• (a) placing at least one blood component from a subject into a first solvent stream;
• (b) directing the first solvent stream having a selected pH and including at least a selected compound and at least one blood component so as to flow along a first selective membrane;
• (c) directing a second solvent stream along the first selective membrane so as to be isolated from the first solvent stream thereby;
• (d) causing migration of at least a portion of the at least one blood component through the first selective membrane into the second solvent stream while at least a portion of the selected compound is prevented from entering the second solvent stream wherein the transmembrane migration of the selected charged compounds is assisted by at least one of an application of a voltage potential across the first and second solvent streams, selected pH of first solvent stream, salt concentration in at least one of first and second solvent streams, concentration of the at least one blood component in the first solvent stream, concentration of the selected compounds in at least one of the first and second solvent streams, temperature of at least one of the first and second solvent streams, and preselected pore size of the selective membrane;
• (e) maintaining step (d) until the first solvent stream contains the desired purity of the at least one blood component;
• and
• (f) returning at least one blood component in the second solvent stream to the subject.