# US 6,625,054 B2 · Method and apparatus to program a phase change memory

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- Number: US 6,625,054 B2
- Document ID: US6625054B2
- Status: Granted
- Kind: B2
- Application number: 10/034,146
- Filed: 2001-12-28
- Published: 2003-07-03
- Granted: 2003-09-23
- Earliest claimed: 2001-12-28
- Assignees: Intel Corporation
- Inventors: Tyler Lowrey; Manzur Gill
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US6625054B2

## CPC

- G11C 13/0004: {comprising amorphous/crystalline phase transition cells}
- G11C 11/56: using storage elements with more than two stable states represented by steps, e.g. of voltage, current, phase, frequency
- G11C 11/5678: {using amorphous/crystalline phase transition storage elements}
- G11C 13/0069: {Writing or programming circuits or methods}
- G11C 2013/0092: {Write characterized by the shape, e.g. form, length, amplitude of the write pulse}
- G11C: STATIC STORES (semiconductor memory devices H10B)

## Abstract

Briefly, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method and an apparatus to program a multi level cell (MLC) phase change material is provided.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method, comprising:
applying a signal to a memory material having more than two states; and
setting a fall time of the signal to place the memory material in one of the more than two states.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing the fall time to reduce a resistance of the memory material.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein setting the fall time includes setting the fall time of the signal to a first selected fall time to place the material in a first state of the more than two states, and the method further comprises:
setting the fall time of the signal to a second selected fall time to place the memory material in a second state of the more than two states;
setting the fall time of the signal to a third selected fall time to place the memory material in a third state of the more than two states; and
setting the fall time of signal to a fourth selected fall time to place the memory material in a fourth state of the more than two states.

### Claim 4 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, wherein the first selected fall time is less than the second selected fall time, the second selected fall time is less than the third selected fall time, and the third selected fall time is less than the fourth selected fall time.

### Claim 5 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, wherein a conductivity of the memory material in the first state is less than a conductivity of the material in the second state, a conductivity of the memory material in the second state is less than a conductivity of the material in the third state, and a conductivity of the memory material in the third state is less than a conductivity of the material in the fourth state.

### Claim 6 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising setting an amplitude of the signal to heat the memory material to an amorphizing temperature when the signal is applied to the memory material and wherein the fall time is set so that after the memory material reaches the amorphizing temperature, the memory material cool downs at a sufficient rate so that the memory material is placed in a first state of the more than two states, wherein the first state is a polycrystalline state.

### Claim 7 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein applying a signal includes applying a pulse having a leading portion that occurs prior to the signal reaching a maximum level and a trailing portion that occurs after the signal reaches the maximum level and wherein the fall time is the time for the trailing portion to decrease from the maximum level to the minimum level.

### Claim 8 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein setting the fall time of the signal comprises setting a slope of a trailing portion of the signal.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8, wherein setting the slope comprises setting the slope of the trailing portion to a negative slope.

### Claim 10 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8, wherein setting the slope includes setting a slope that varies with time.

### Claim 11 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8, wherein setting the slope comprises shaping the trailing portion to change from a negative slope to a substantially vertical slope.

### Claim 12 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8, wherein setting the slope comprises shaping the signal so that the signal is nonrectangular.

### Claim 13 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein setting the fall time includes setting a decay rate of the signal.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, further comprising increasing the decay rate of the signal to reduce the fall time of the signal.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, wherein the memory material is a phase change material.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a second signal to the memory material and applying a third signal to the memory material, wherein setting the fall time includes setting the fall time to be greater than a fall time of the second signal and less than a fall time of the third signal.

### Claim 17 (depends on 16)

The method of claim 16, wherein the signal places the memory material in a first state of the more than two memory states when the signal is applied to the memory material, the second signal places the memory material in a second state of the more than two memory states when the second signal is applied to the memory material and wherein the third signal places the memory material in a third state of the more than two memory states when the third signal is applied to the memory material.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein the second state is a substantially amorphous state, the third state is a substantially crystalline state, and the first state is an intermediate state between the second and third states.

### Claim 19 (depends on 17)

The method of claim 17, wherein a resistance of the memory material in the second state is greater than the resistance of the memory material in the first state and the resistance of the memory material in the first state is greater than the resistance of the memory material in the third state.

### Claim 20 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, further comprising determining whether the memory material is in a selected state of the more than two states after the signal is applied to the memory.

### Claim 21 (depends on 20)

The method of claim 20, wherein determining comprises comparing a resistance of the memory material to a reference resistance.

### Claim 22 (depends on 20)

The method of claim 20, further comprising:
applying a second signal to the memory material if the memory material is not in the selected state, and
setting a fall time of the second signal to be greater than the fall time of the signal.

### Claim 23

An apparatus, comprising:
a memory material having at least three states; and
a device to provide a signal to the memory material, wherein the device is adapted to set a fall time of the signal to program the memory material to one of the at least three states.

### Claim 24 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device sets the fall time of the signal to a first selected fall time to program the memory material to a first state of the at least three states, the device sets the fall time of the signal to a second selected fall time to program the memory material to a second state of the at least three states, and the device sets the fall time of the signal to a third selected fall time to program the memory material to a third state of the at least three states.

### Claim 25 (depends on 24)

The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first selected fall time is less than the second selected fall time and the second selected fall time is less than the third selected fall time.

### Claim 26 (depends on 24)

The apparatus of claim 24, wherein a resistance of the memory material in the first state is greater than the resistance of the memory material in the second state and the resistance of the memory material in the second state is greater than the resistance of the memory material in the third state.

### Claim 27 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the memory material is a phase change material.

### Claim 28 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device increases the fall time to reduce a resistance of the memory material.

### Claim 29 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device comprises a circuit to set the fall time of the signal by shaping a slope of a trailing portion of the signal.

### Claim 30 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device comprises a circuit to set the fall time of the signal by setting a decay rate of the signal.

### Claim 31 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device sets a fall time of the signal to program the memory material to a selected state of the at least three states and further comprising a circuit to determine whether the memory material is programmed to the selected state.

### Claim 32 (depends on 31)

The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the circuit comprises:
a comparator having a first input coupled to the memory material and a second input coupled to receive a first reference signal and an output; and
a second comparator having a first input coupled to the memory material and a second input coupled to receive a second reference signal and an output.

### Claim 33 (depends on 23)

The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the device is a circuit.

### Claim 34

A system, comprising:
a controller;
a transceiver coupled to the controller;
a memory element having at least three states and coupled to the controller; and
a device adapted to provide a signal to the memory element, wherein the device sets a decay rate of the signal to program the memory element to one of the at least three states.

### Claim 35 (depends on 34)

The system of claim 34, wherein the device sets the decay rate of the signal to a first selected decay rate to program the memory element to a first state of the at least three states, the device sets the decay rate of the signal to a second selected decay rate to program the memory element to a second state of the at least three states, and the device sets the decay rate of the signal to a third selected decay rate to program the memory element to a third state of the at least three states.

### Claim 36 (depends on 35)

The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the first selected decay rate is greater than the second selected decay rate and the second selected decay rate is greater than the third selected decay rate.

### Claim 37 (depends on 36)

The apparatus of claim 36, wherein a conductivity of the memory element in the first state is less than the conductivity of the memory element in the second state and the conductivity of the memory element in the second state is less than the conductivity of the memory element in the third state.