Device for monitoring of physiological analytes

A method of making a device for measuring a concentration of an analyte present in a biological system, said method comprising,

• combining operatively:
• an iontophoretic device, comprising first and second iontophoretic electrodes, for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte;
• a device for sensing an extracted analyte to obtain a measurement signal that is related to analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, said device comprising first and second sensor elements;
• first and second reservoirs;
• and
• one or more microprocessors programmed to control a measurement cycle comprising (i) operating the first iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode and the second iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic anode during a first phase of an extraction, wherein said first iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the first reservoir and the second iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the second reservoir, (ii) operating the first sensor element that is in contact with the first reservoir during a first phase of a sensing to obtain a first signal, (iii) purging residual signal from said first and second reservoirs in a purge, (iv) operating the second iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode and the first iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic anode during a second phase of the extraction, and (v) operating the second sensor element that is in contact with the second reservoir during a second phase of the sensing to obtain a second signal, wherein at least one of said first and second signals comprises an analyte-specific signal component;
• wherein said operatively combining makes the device for measuring the concentration of the analyte present in the biological system.

A method of making a device for measuring a concentration of an analyte present in a biological system, said method comprising,

• combining operatively:
• an iontophoretic device, comprising first and second iontophoretic electrodes, for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte;
• a device for sensing an extracted analyte to obtain a measurement signal that is related to analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, said device comprising first, second, and third sensor elements;
• first, second, and third reservoirs;
• and
• one or more microprocessors programmed to control a measurement cycle comprising
• (i) operating the first iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during a first phase of an extraction, wherein the first iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the first reservoir, (ii) operating the first sensor element that is in contact with the first reservoir during a first phase of a sensing to obtain a first signal, (iii) operating the second iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during a second phase of the extraction, wherein the second iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the second reservoir, (iv) operating the second sensor element that is in contact with the second reservoir during a second phase of the sensing to obtain a second signal, wherein at least one of said first and second signals comprises an analyte-specific signal component, (v) operating the third sensor element that is in contact with the third collection reservoir to obtain a blank signal, wherein the third collection reservoir uses a passive transdermal sampling system to collect substances that diffuse from or are secreted by the biological system, and (vi) subtracting said blank signal from said signal comprising the analyte-specific signal component to provide an analyte-specific signal;
• wherein said operatively combining makes the device for measuring the concentration of the analyte present in the biological system.

A method of making a device for measuring a concentration of an analyte present in a biological system, said method comprising,

• combining operatively:
• an iontophoretic device, comprising first, second, and third iontophoretic electrodes, for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte;
• a device for sensing an extracted analyte to obtain a measurement signal that is related to analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, said device comprising first and second sensor elements;
• first and second reservoirs;
• and
• one or more microprocessors programmed to control a measurement cycle comprising
• (i) operating the first iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during an extraction, wherein said first iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the first reservoir, (ii) operating the first sensor element that is in contact with the first reservoir during a sensing to obtain an active signal, (iii) operating the second iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during the extraction wherein the second iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the second reservoir, (iv) operating the second sensor element that is in contact with the second reservoir during the sensing to obtain a blank signal, (v) operating the third iontophoretic electrode as the iontophoretic anode during each extraction, and (vi) subtracting said blank signal from said active signal to provide an analyte-specific signal;
• wherein said operatively combining makes the device for measuring the concentration of the analyte present in the biological system.

A method of making a device for measuring a concentration of an analyte present in a biological system, said method comprising,

• combining operatively:
• an iontophoretic device, comprising first, second, and third iontophoretic electrodes, for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte;
• a device for sensing an extracted analyte to obtain a measurement signal that is related to analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, said device comprising first and second sensor elements;
• first and second reservoirs;
• and
• one or more microprocessors programmed to control a measurement cycle comprising
• (i) operating the first iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during an extraction wherein the first iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the first reservoir, (ii) operating the first sensor element that is in contact with the first reservoir during a sensing to obtain a first analyte-specific signal, (iii) operating the second iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic cathode during the extraction wherein the second iontophoretic electrode is in contact with the second reservoir, (iv) operating the second sensor element that is in contact with the second reservoir during the sensing to obtain a second analyte-specific signal, and (v) operating the third iontophoretic electrode as an iontophoretic anode during the extractions;
• wherein said operatively combining makes the device for measuring the concentration of the analyte present in the biological system.

A method of making a device for measuring a concentration of an analyte present in a biological system, said method comprising,

• combining operatively:
• an iontophoretic device for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte;
• a device for sensing an extracted analyte to obtain a measurement signal that is related to analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, said device comprising a sensor;
• and
• one or more microprocessors programmed to control a measurement cycle comprising (i) operating the iontophoretic device for extracting a sample from the biological system, said sample comprising the analyte, (ii) operating the device for sensing the analyte in the extracted sample to obtain a measurement signal that is related to the analyte amount or concentration in the biological system, and (iii) a process for selectively favoring analyte-specific signal components over signal components due to interfering species, said process selected from the group consisting of (a) a differential signal process that subtracts non-analyte signal components from a measurement signal, (b) a delay that is performed between extracting the sample and sensing extracted analyte, (c) a selective electrochemical detection process that is performed during sensing, (d) a purge that is performed after sensing, (e) a charge segregation, and (f) any combination of (a) through (e);
• wherein said operatively combining makes the device for measuring the concentration of the analyte present in the biological system.