Trans beta substituted chlorins and methods of making and using the same

A trans-substituted chlorin comprising a compound of Formula X:

• wherein:
• M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Zn, Mg, Pt, Pd, Sn and Al;
• K1, K2, K3, and K4 are hetero atoms independently selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, Se, Te, and CH;
• S3, S4, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, and S14, and either S1 and S5, or S2 and S6 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthio, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroaryl, pyridyl, cyano, thiocyanato, nitro, amino, alkylamino, acyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, imido, amido, and carbamoyl;
• or S7 and S13 together form ═O;
• and either S1 and S5 are trans-substituted linking groups Q1 and Q2, or S2 and S6 are trans-substituted linking groups Q1 and Q2;
• Q1 and Q2 are independently selected linking groups of the formula:
• [Parenopenst]R1—R2[Parenclosest]nR3—Y
• wherein:
• n is from 0 or 1 to 5 or 10;
• R3 is present or absent;
• R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of ethene, ethyne, aryl, and heteroaryl groups, which aryl and heteroaryl groups are unsubstituted or substituted one or more times with H, aryl, phenyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, alkoxy, alkylthio, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroaryl, pyridyl, cyano, thiocyanato, nitro, amino, alkylamino, acyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonyl, imido, amido, and carbamoyl;
• and
• Y is a protected or unprotected reactive substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, thio, seleno, telluro, ester, carboxylic acid, boronic acid, phenol, silane, sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, alkylthiol, formyl, halo, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkyl phosphonate, alkyl sulfonate, alkyl carboxylate, and alkyl boronate groups.