Aniline derivatives, liquid-crystal composition containing the same, and liquid-crystal display element

An aniline derivative represented by general formula (1)

• wherein R and R′ represent independently of each other alkyl with 1 to 10 carbon, alkoxyalkyl with 1 to 10 carbon, or hydrogen;
• X represents cyano, halogen, haloalkyl, haloalkyloxy, or 2-cyanoethynyl;
• Y represents fluorine or hydrogen;
• na and nc represent independently of each other 0 or 1;
• Za, Zb, and Zc represent independently of each other a single bond, 1,2-ethylene, carbonyloxy, or oxymethylene;
• ring A1 represents 1,4-phenylene in which hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine;
• ring A2 and ring A3 represent independently of each other 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene in which hydrogen may be replaced by fluorine, or 1,3-pyrimidine-2,5-diyl;
• excluding the single aniline derivative where both of R and R′ represent methyl, X represents chlorine, Y represents hydrogen, both of na and nc represent 0, Za represents a single bond, and ring A1 represents 1,4-phenylene.