Anodic bonding of a stack of conductive and glass layers

A method of anodic bonding at least one conductive material layer to at least one glass layer to form a bonded structure, wherein said method comprises:

• a) providing a stack of layers including said at least one conductive material layer and said at least one glass layer;
• b) contacting layers to be bonded within said stack with electrodes in a manner such that sodium ions formed during said bonding are directed away from a critical bonding surface;
• and
• c) anodically bonding said at least one conductive material layer and said at least one glass layer, wherein a plurality of vertically stacked electrochemical cells are formed, and wherein each layer in said stack of layers is in contact with an electrode.

A method of anodic bonding at least one layer of a conductive material to at least one layer of a second material which is capable of forming an electrochemical cell in combination with said layer of conductive material, wherein said method comprises:

• a) providing a stack of layers including said at least one layer of conductive material and said at least one layer of a second material;
• b) contacting each layer to be bonded within said stack of layers with an electrode;
• and
• c) anodically bonding said at least one layer of conductive material and said at least one layer of a second material employing a plurality of stacked electrochemical cells.