Pharmaceutical compositions and methods for use

#The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions, and particularly pharmaceutical compositions incorporating compounds that are capable of affecting nicotinic cholinergic receptors. More particularly, the present invention relates to compounds capable of activating nicotinic cholinergic receptors, for example, as agonists of specific nicotinic receptor subtypes. The present invention also relates to methods for treating a wide variety of conditions and disorders, and particularly conditions and disorders associated with dysfunction of the central and autonomic nervous systems.

#Nicotine has been proposed to have a number of pharmacological effects. See, for example, Pullan et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 330:811-815 (1994). Certain of those effects may be related to effects upon neurotransmitter release. See for example, Sjak-shie et al., Brain Res. 624:295 (1993), where neuroprotective effects of nicotine are proposed. Release of acetylcholine and dopamine by neurons upon administration of nicotine has been reported by Rowell et al., J. Neurochem. 43:1593 (1984); Rapier et al., J. Neurochem. 50:1123 (1988); Sandor et al., Brain Res. 567:313 (1991) and Vizi, Br. J. Pharmacol. 47:765 (1973). Release of norepinephrine by neurons upon administration of nicotine has been reported by Hall et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 21:1829 (1972). Release of serotonin by neurons upon administration of nicotine has been reported by Hery et al., Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 296:91 (1977). Release of glutamate by neurons upon administration of nicotine has been reported by Toth et al., Neurochem Res. 17:265 (1992). In addition, nicotine reportedly potentiates the pharmacological behavior of certain pharmaceutical compositions used for the treatment of certain disorders. See, Sanberg et al., Pharmacol. Biochem. & Behavior 46:303 (1993); Harsing et al., J. Neurochem. 59:48 (1993) and Hughes, Proceedings from Intl. Symp. Nic. S40 (1994). Furthermore, various other beneficial pharmacological effects of nicotine have been proposed. See, Decina et al., Biol. Psychiatry 28:502 (1990); Wagner et al., Pharmacopsychiatry 21:301 (1988); Pomerleau et al., Addictive Behaviors 9:265 (1984); Onaivi et al., Life Sci. 54(3):193 (1994); Tripathi et al., JPET221: 91-96 (1982) and Hamon, Trends in Pharmacol. Res. 15:36.

#Various nicotinic compounds have been reported as being useful for treating a wide variety of conditions and disorders. See, for example, Williams et al. DN&P 7(4):205-227 (1994), Arneric et al., CNS Drug Rev. 1(1):1-26 (1995), Arneric et al., Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 5(1):79-100 (1996), Bencherif et al., JPET 279:1413 (1996), Lippiello et al., JPET 279:1422 (1996), Damaj et al., Neuroscience (1997), Holladay et al., J. Med. Chem 40(28): 4169-4194 (1997), Bannon et al., Science 279: 77-80 (1998), PCT WO 94/08992, PCT WO 96/31475, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,583,140 to Bencherif et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,919 to Dull et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,231 to Smith et al. Nicotinic compounds are reported as being particularly useful for treating a wide variety of Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders.

#Sample No. 1 is (3-(3-pyridyloxy)-propyl)methylamine hemigalactarate which was prepared in accordance with the following techniques:

#3-Chloro-1-(3-pyridyloxy)propane

#Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a solution of 3-hydroxypyridine (5.00 g, 52.58 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (55 mL) was slowly added to a cold (0-5° C.), stirring slurry of sodium hydride (2.52 g of an 80% dispersion in mineral oil, 84.0 mmol) in DMF (10 mL). The mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and further stirred for 1 h. To this slurry was added 1-choro-3-iodopropane (12.90 g, 63.10 mmol), and the resulting dark-brown mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 48 h. Cold water was added and the mixture was extracted with chloroform (4×100 mL). The combined chloroform extracts were washed with water (2×50 mL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. Water (150 mL) was added, and the mixture was basified with 20% NaOH solution (5.0 mL). The alkaline solution was extracted with methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) (5×100 mL). The combined MTBE extracts were washed with water (4×100 mL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give 4.90 g (54.3%) of an oil. 1H NMR (CDCl3, 300 MHz): δ8.34 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.22 (t, 2H, J=2.13 Hz), 4.18 (t, 2H, J=5.85 Hz), 3.77 (t, 2H, J=6.19 Hz), 2.27 (p, 2H, J=6.03 Hz). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 75 MHz): δ154.99, 142.38, 138.07, 123.93, 121.09, 64.60, 41.22, 32.11. EI-MS: m/z (relative intensity) 171 (M+, 27.25%), 136 (4.66%), 95 (100.00%), 78 (17.98%), 41 (37.74%), 39 (34.23%).