Multi-directional thermal actuator

A multi-directional thermal actuator constructed on a surface of a substrate, the apparatus comprising:

• a first beam cantilevered from an anchor at a first end to extend generally parallel to the surface of the substrate in an unactivated configuration;
• a second beam cantilevered from an anchor at a first end to extend generally parallel to the surface of the substrate in an unactivated configuration;
• a third beam cantilevered from an anchor at a first end to extend generally parallel to the surface of the substrate in an unactivated configuration, wherein the first, second, and third beams are not coplanar;
• a member mechanically coupling distal ends of the first, second, and third beams;
• a first circuit comprising at least the first beam, whereby application of current to the first circuit displaces the member in a first radial direction;
• a second circuit comprising at least the second beam, whereby application of current to the second circuit displaces the member in a second radial direction;
• and
• a third circuit comprising at least the third beam, whereby application of current to the third circuit displaces the member in a third radial direction.