Optical-based sensing devices, especially for in-situ sensing in humans

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• a sensor body having a surface;
• a matrix layer disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said matrix layer being permeable to the analyte and comprising fluorescent indicator molecules which fluoresce in response to radiation, the level of fluorescence being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed, said matrix layer permitting radiation with which said indicator molecules interact to enter therein;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that causes said indicator molecules to fluoresce, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby passes from said sensor body into said matrix layer and causes said indicator molecules to fluoresce;
• and
• a photosensitive element which senses fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules and disposed so as to detect such emitted fluorescent light, said photosensitive element configured to provide a response signal indicative of the amount of such detected fluorescent light and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a surface;
• fluorescent indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said indicator molecules fluorescing in response to radiation, the level of fluorescence being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that causes said indicator molecules to fluoresce, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby strikes said indicator molecules;
• and
• a photosensitive element disposed so as to detect fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules, said photosensitive element configured to provide a response signal indicative of the amount of fluorescent light detected thereby and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte;
• said sensor further comprising a power source embedded within said sensor body, said power source powering said radiation source to cause said radiation source to emit radiation.
• a photosensitive element disposed so as to detect fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules, said photosensitive element configured to provide a response signal indicative of the amount of fluorescent light detected thereby and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte;
• said sensor further comprising a power source embedded within said sensor body, said power source powering said radiation source to cause said radiation source to emit radiation.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a surface;
• fluorescent indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said indicator molecules fluorescing in response to radiation, the level of fluorescence being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that causes said indicator molecules to fluoresce, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby strikes said indicator molecules;
• and
• a photosensitive element disposed so as to detect fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules;
• said sensor further comprising a transmitter embedded within said sensor body which transmits a signal indicative of the level of fluorescent light detected by said photosensitive element and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a surface;
• a radiation source which emits radiation, said radiation source being embedded within said sensor body such that radiation emitted by said source travels within said sensor body;
• radiation-absorbing indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said indicator molecules absorbing radiation emitted by said radiation source, the level of absorption varying with the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed;
• and
• a photosensitive element which is responsive to radiation emitted by said radiation source, said photosensitive element being embedded within said sensor body;
• wherein radiation emitted by said source passes out of said sensor body, at least some of the radiation passing out of said sensor body being reflected internally within said sensor body before passing out of said sensor body;
• wherein said indicator molecules absorb at least some of the radiation emitted by said source and passing out of said sensor body and at least some non-absorbed radiation passes back into said sensor body;
• and
• wherein at least some of said non-absorbed radiation passing back into said sensor body is detected by said photosensitive element, at least some of the non-absorbed radiation detected by said photosensitive element being reflected internally within said sensor body before striking said photosensitive element.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• a sensor body having a surface;
• a matrix layer disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said matrix layer being permeable to the analyte and comprising indicator molecules which absorb radiation, the level of absorption being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed, said matrix layer permitting radiation which said indicator molecules absorb to enter therein;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that is absorbed by said indicator molecules, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby enters said matrix layer and is absorbed by said indicator molecules;
• and
• a photosensitive element which detects radiation emitted by said radiation source and disposed so as to detect radiation emitted by said radiation source and not absorbed by said indicator molecules, said photosensitive element configured to provide a response signal indicative of the amount of such detected non-absorbed radiation and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• a sensor body having a surface;
• radiation-absorbing indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, the level of absorption being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that is absorbed by said indicator molecules, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby is absorbed by said indicator molecules;
• and
• a photosensitive element which detects radiation emitted by said radiation source, said photosensitive element disposed so as to detect radiation emitted by said radiation source and not absorbed by said indicator molecules, said photosensitive element configured to provide a response signal indicative of the amount of non-absorbed radiation detected thereby and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte;
• said sensor further comprising a power source embedded within said sensor body, said power source powering said radiation source to cause said radiation source to emit radiation.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• a sensor body having a surface;
• radiation-absorbing indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, the level of absorption being a function of the concentration of the analyte to which said indicator molecules are exposed;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that is absorbed by said indicator molecules, said radiation source being disposed such that radiation emitted thereby is absorbed by said indicator molecules;
• and
• a photosensitive element which detects radiation emitted by said radiation source, said photosensitive element disposed so as to detect radiation emitted by said radiation source and not absorbed by said indicator molecules;
• said sensor further comprising a transmitter embedded within said sensor body which transmits a signal indicative of the level of radiation detected by said photosensitive element and hence the presence or concentration of said analyte.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of a plurality of analytes in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a surface;
• first and second indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said first indicator molecules having an optical characteristic that is responsive to changes in the concentration of a first analyte to which said first indicator molecules are exposed and said second indicator molecules having an optical characteristic that is responsive to changes in the concentration of a second analyte to which said second indicator molecules are exposed;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that interacts with said first indicator molecules in accordance with the analyte-responsive optical characteristic thereof and a radiation source which emits radiation that interacts with said second indicator molecules in accordance with the analyte-responsive optical characteristic thereof, said radiation source or sources being embedded within said sensor body such that radiation emitted thereby travels within said sensor body;
• and
• first and second photosensitive elements embedded within said sensor body, said first photosensitive element providing a response signal indicative of the level of interaction of said first indicator molecules with radiation interacting therewith and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of said first analyte, and said second photosensitive element providing a response signal indicative of the level of interaction of said second indicator molecules with radiation interacting therewith and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of said second analyte.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a surface;
• first and second indicator molecules disposed on the surface of said sensor body, said first indicator molecules having a first optical characteristic that is responsive to changes in the concentration of said analyte and said second indicator molecules having a second optical characteristic that is responsive to changes in the concentration of said analyte, said first and second optical characteristics being different from each other;
• a radiation source which emits radiation that interacts with said first indicator molecules in accordance with the first, analyte-responsive optical characteristic thereof and a radiation source which emits radiation that interacts with said second indicator molecules in accordance with the second, analyte-responsive optical characteristic thereof, said radiation source or sources being embedded within said sensor body such that radiation emitted thereby travels within said sensor body;
• and
• first and second photosensitive elements embedded within said sensor body, said first photosensitive element providing a response signal indicative of the level of interaction of said first indicator molecules with radiation interacting therewith and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of said analyte, and said second photosensitive element providing a response signal indicative of the level of interaction of said second indicator molecules with radiation interacting therewith and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of said analyte;
• whereby the presence or concentration of said analyte can be determined with a single sensor employing a plurality of transduction schema.

An optical-based sensor for determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said medium having a first refractive index which varies as a function of the concentration of said analyte in said medium, said sensor comprising:

• an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body having a second refractive index and a surface;
• a radiation source which emits radiation, said radiation source being embedded within said sensor body such that radiation emitted by said source travels within said sensor body;
• and
• a photosensitive element which is responsive to radiation emitted by said radiation source, said photosensitive element being embedded within said sensor body;
• wherein an amount of radiation emitted by said source passes out of said sensor body, the amount of radiation passing out of said sensor body varying as a function of the ratio of said first and second refractive indices and hence as a function of the concentration of said analyte in said medium, at least some of the radiation passing out of said sensor body being reflected internally within said sensor body before passing out of said sensor body;
• and
• wherein radiation not passing out of said sensor body is detected by said photosensitive element, at least some of the non-exiting radiation detected by said photosensitive element being reflected internally within said sensor body before striking said photosensitive element.

A method of determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said method comprising the steps of

• disposing a sensor in the medium, said sensor comprising an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor body further comprising a source of radiation and a photosensitive element both embedded therein and indicator molecules disposed on a surface thereof, the indicator molecules fluorescing in response to radiation emitted by the source and the level of fluorescence varying with the presence or concentration of the analyte;
• causing the source to emit radiation and internally illuminate the sensor body, radiation emitted by the source causing said indicator molecules to fluoresce and fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules passing into said sensor body;
• detecting fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules and passing into said sensor body with said photosensitive element;
• and
• providing a response signal indicative of the level of fluorescent light detected by the photosensitive element and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of the analyte in the medium.

A method of determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium, said method comprising the steps of

• disposing a sensor in the medium, said sensor comprising a sensor body with a source that emits radiation and a photosensitive element both embedded therein and indicator molecules disposed on a surface thereof, the indicator molecules absorbing at least some of the radiation emitted by the source and passing out of the sensor body and at least some of the radiation emitted by the source not being absorbed and being reflected back into the sensor body, the level of absorbance varying with the presence or concentration of the analyte;
• causing the source to emit radiation and internally illuminate the sensor body, at least some of the radiation emitted by the source passing out of the sensor body and either being absorbed by the indicator molecules or being reflected back into the sensor body;
• detecting radiation emitted by said source, passing out of said sensor body and not being absorbed by said indicator molecules, and passing back into said sensor body with said photosensitive element;
• and
• providing a response signal indicative of the level of radiation detected by the photosensitive element and hence indicative of the presence or concentration of the analyte in the medium.

A method of determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in vivo in a human subject, said method comprising the steps of

• inserting a sensor into the subject in a location of interest, said sensor comprising a fluorescence-based sensor which emits radiation and which has indicator molecules that fluoresce in response to said radiation, the level of fluorescence of said indicator molecules varying with the presence or concentration of said analyte, said sensor further comprising an optically transmissive sensor body which functions as an optic wave guide, said sensor further comprising a source a photosensitive element which senses fluorescent light emitted by said indicator molecules and which provides a response signal indicative of the level of fluorescence of said indicator molecules;
• causing said sensor to emit radiation using means wholly exterior to the body of said subject;
• and
• detecting said signal indicative of the level of fluorescence of said indicator molecules using means wholly exterior to the body of said subject and determining the presence or concentration of the analyte therefrom.

A method of determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in vivo in a human subject, said method comprising the steps of

• inserting a sensor into the subject in a location of interest, said sensor comprising an absorbance-based sensor which emits radiation and which has indicator molecules that absorb at least some of said emitted radiation, the level of absorbance varying with the presence or concentration of said analyte, said sensor further comprising a photosensitive element which senses radiation not absorbed by said indicator molecules and which provides a response signal indicative of the level of sensed radiation;
• causing said sensor to emit radiation using means wholly exterior to the body of said subject;
• and
• detecting said signal indicative of the level of sensed radiation using means wholly exterior to the body of said subject and determining the presence or concentration of the analyte therefrom.

A method of determining the presence or concentration of an analyte in a medium having a first refractive index, said method comprising the steps of

• disposing a sensor in said medium, said sensor comprising an embedded source of illumination and an embedded photosensitive element and having a second refractive index;
• internally illuminating said sensor by means of said source of illumination, the level of internal illumination varying as a function of the first and second refractive indices;
• measuring the level of internal illumination by means of said photosensitive element;
• and
• determining the presence or concentration of said analyte from the level of internal illumination.