A spacecraft-based cellular time-division multiple access communication system for communication among terrestrial user terminals and terrestrial gateway terminals, said communication system comprising:
- a spacecraft including a receiving arrangement, a frequency-dependent routing arrangement, a transmitting arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to said transmitting and receiving arrangements, which antenna arrangement forms a plurality of beams directed toward the Earth's surface, each in a different direction, so that each beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint, some of which footprints may lie closer to the nadir than to the horizon, and others of which footprints may lie closer to the horizon than to said nadir, said receiving arrangement being for at least for receiving reverse control signals transmitted over said beams from at least said user terminals, and for receiving forward control signals transmitted over at least one of said beams by way of uplink frequencies, said routing arrangement being for routing said reverse control signals and said forward control signals received by said receiving arrangement to appropriate ones of said transmitting arrangements in response to said uplink frequencies, and said transmitting arrangement being for transmitting said reverse control signals and said forward control signals on at least one downlink frequency carried over one of said beams, whereby said spacecraft operates in a bent-pipe manner, and a plurality of said reverse and forward control signals may be transmitted from said spacecraft;
- a plurality of first terrestrial user communication terminals, each of said first terrestrial user communication terminals being adapted for transmitting reverse control signals to said spacecraft by way of burst transmissions on at least one of said uplink frequencies in a first beam associated with a particular one of said footprints within which said first terrestrial user communication terminals lie;
- a plurality of second terrestrial user communication terminals, each of said second terrestrial user communication terminals being adapted for transmitting reverse control signals to said spacecraft by way of burst transmissions on at least one of said uplink frequencies in a second beam associated with a particular one of said footprints within which said second terrestrial user communication terminals lie;
- a network control center coupled to said communication system, for generating forward control signals for transmission to at least said terrestrial user terminals, for assigning time slots for transmissions to and from said terrestrial user terminals in a time-division multiple access manner, and for receiving said reverse control signals during receive time slots, the durations of said receive time slots selected for reception of said reverse control signals from said first terrestrial user terminals being exceeded by said durations of said receive time slots selected for reception of said reverse control signals from said second terrestrial user terminals, whereby burst transmissions from terrestrial user terminals within footprints lying nearer said horizon than to said nadir, which are potentially subject to a greater range of time delays than those burst transmissions from terrestrial user terminals lying nearer to said nadir than to said horizon, are received within longer receive time slots, which longer receive time slot tends to accommodate a greater range of temporal error.