Moisture sensor

An apparatus for measuring moisture content of a material based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the apparatus comprising:

• a moisture sensor having:
• first electrodes
• second electrodes, and
• ground electrodes interdigitated between the first electrodes and the second electrodes;
• a moisture content determination circuit for providing a first electrical charge to the first electrodes and providing a second electrical charge to the second electrodes, where the first electrical charge and the second electrical charge are at different levels of charge, for measuring the rates of the electrical charges flowing from each of the first and second electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes, and for determining the moisture content of the material based upon the rates of the electrical charges flowing through the material, the moisture content determination circuit including:
• electrode charging circuits including:
• first electrode charging circuits, each having a first capacitor associated with one of the first electrodes, the first capacitor charged to a first voltage level, the first voltage level applied to the associated one of the first electrodes, and
• second electrode charging circuits, each having a second capacitor associated with one of the second electrodes, the second capacitor charged to the first voltage level, the first voltage level applied to the associated one of the second electrodes;
• a discharge timer for determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrodes and for determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrodes, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, the discharge timer including:
• a clock for producing periodic clock pulses, and
• at least one counter for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, and for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and,
• a moisture content calculator for determining the moisture content of the material based only upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, according to:
• ##EQU9## where M is the moisture content of the material expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive, and
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive.

An apparatus for measuring moisture content of cotton based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the cotton, the apparatus comprising:

• a moisture sensor having:
• first electrodes having parallel linear electrical conductors, each of the parallel linear electrical conductors being electrically insulated from each of the other parallel linear electrical conductors;
• second electrodes having parallel linear electrical conductors, each of the parallel linear electrical conductors being electrically insulated from each of the other parallel linear electrical conductors;
• and
• ground electrodes having discrete parallel linear electrical conductors which are interdigitated between and parallel to the first and second electrode parallel linear electrical conductors, each of the ground electrode discrete parallel linear electrical conductors being electrically insulated from the first and second electrode parallel linear electrical conductors, and each of the ground electrode discrete parallel linear electrical conductors being at an electrical ground potential;
• and
• a moisture content determination circuit having:
• electrode charging circuits including:
• first electrode charging circuits, each having a first capacitor with a capacitance of one microfarad associated with one of the first electrodes, the first capacitor charged to a first voltage level, the first voltage level applied to the associated one of the first electrodes;
• and
• second electrode charging circuits, each having a second capacitor with a capacitance of 270 picofarads associated with one of the second electrodes, the second capacitor charged to the first voltage level, the first voltage level applied to the associated one of the second electrodes;
• a discharge timer for determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrodes and for determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrodes, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, the discharge timer having:
• a clock for producing periodic clock pulses at a rate of two megahertz;
• and
• at least one counter for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, and for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and
• a moisture content calculator for determining the moisture content of the cotton based only upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, the moisture content calculator determining the moisture content of the cotton according to:
• ##EQU10## where M is the moisture content of the cotton expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis, ##EQU11## and where the designated range of clock pulses is between about 2000 clock pulses and about 10.sup.7 clock pulses,
• n.sub.1 is the number of selected first discharge durations,
• n.sub.2 is the number of selected second discharge durations,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the cotton determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive,
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the cotton determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive,
• N.sub.1 (m) is the mth selected first discharge duration in clock pulses, and
• N.sub.2 (m) is the mth selected second discharge duration in clock pulses.

A method of measuring moisture content of a material based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the method comprising the steps of:

• providing first electrical charges to first electrodes;
• providing second electrical charges to second electrodes, where the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges are at different levels of charge;
• discharging the first electrical charges through the material to ground electrodes interdigitated between the first and second electrodes;
• discharging the second electrical charges through the material to the ground electrodes;
• determining the rates of electrical charges flowing from the first electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes;
• determining the rates of electrical charges flowing from the second electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes;
• and
• determining the moisture content of the material based upon the rates of electrical charges flowing from the first electrodes, and based upon the rates of electrical charges flowing from the second electrodes.

A method of measuring moisture content of a material based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the method comprising the steps of:

• providing first electrical charges to first electrodes by charging first capacitors to a first voltage level, and applying the first voltage level to the first electrodes;
• providing second electrical charges to second electrodes by charging second capacitors to the first voltage level, and applying the first voltage level to the second electrodes, where the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges are at different levels of charge;
• discharging the first electrical charges through the material to ground electrodes interdigitated between the first and second electrodes;
• discharging the second electrical charges through the material to the ground electrodes;
• determining the rates of electrical charges flowing from the first electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes by determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrodes, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, by producing periodic clock pulses and counting the periodic clock pulses while the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge;
• determining the rates of electrical charges flowing from the second electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes by determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrodes, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, by producing periodic clock pulses and counting the periodic clock pulses while the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and,
• determining the moisture content of the material based only upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, according to:
• ##EQU12## where M is the moisture content of the material expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive, and
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive.

A method of measuring moisture content of cotton based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the cotton, the method comprising the steps of:

• providing first electrical charges to first electrodes by:
• charging first capacitors having a capacitance of one microfarad to a first voltage level;
• and
• applying the first voltage level to the first electrodes;
• providing second electrical charges to second electrodes by:
• charging second capacitors having a capacitance of 270 picofarads to the first voltage level;
• and
• applying the first voltage level to the second electrodes;
• discharging the first electrical charges through the cotton to ground electrodes which are interdigitated between the first and second electrodes;
• discharging the second electrical charges through the cotton to the ground electrodes;
• determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrodes, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, the step of determining the first discharge durations associated with the first electrodes including the steps of:
• producing periodic clock pulses at a rate of two megahertz;
• and
• counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the first electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge;
• determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrodes, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, the step of determining the second discharge durations associated with the second electrodes including the steps of:
• producing periodic clock pulses at a rate of two megahertz;
• and
• counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the second electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and
• determining the moisture content of the cotton based upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and the selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, the step of determining the moisture content of the cotton being performed according to:
• ##EQU13## where M is the moisture content of the cotton expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis, ##EQU14## and where the designated range of clock pulses is between about 2000 clock pulses and about 10.sup.7 clock pulses,
• n.sub.1 is the number of selected first discharge durations,
• n.sub.2 is the number of selected second discharge durations,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the cotton determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive,
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the cotton determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive,
• N.sub.1 (m) is the mth selected first discharge duration in clock pulses, and
• N.sub.2 (m) is the mth selected second discharge duration in clock pulses.

An apparatus for measuring moisture content of a material based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the apparatus comprising:

• a moisture sensor having:
• sensor electrodes, and
• ground electrodes interdigitated between the sensor electrodes;
• and
• a moisture content determination circuit for providing first electrical charges to the sensor electrodes and providing second electrical charges to the sensor electrodes, where the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges are at different levels of charge, for measuring the rates of the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges flowing from the sensor electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes, and for determining the moisture content of the material based upon the rates of the first and second electrical charges flowing through the material, the moisture content determination circuit including:
• charging circuits including:
• first charging circuits for providing the first electrical charges to the sensor electrodes each one of the first charging circuits applies a third voltage level to an associated one of the sensor electrodes, and
• second charging circuits for providing the second electrical charges to the sensor electrodes each one of the second charging circuits applies a fourth voltage level to an associated one of the sensor electrodes;
• a discharge timer for determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrical charges and for determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrical charges, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material, the first discharge durations determined by measuring the rates at which the third voltage level decreases to a fifth voltage level as the first electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the second electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material, the second discharge durations determined by measuring the rates at which the fourth voltage level decreases to a sixth voltage level as the second electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material;
• and
• a moisture content calculator for determining the moisture content of the material based upon the first and second discharge durations.

A method of measuring moisture content of a material based upon first and second rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the method comprising the steps of:

• providing first electrical charges to the material by charging first capacitors to a first voltage level, and applying the first voltage level to sensor electrodes which contact the material;
• providing second electrical charges to the material by charging second capacitors to the first voltage level, and applying the first voltage level to the sensor electrodes, where the second and first electrical charges are at different levels of charge;
• discharging the first electrical charges through the material;
• discharging the second electrical charges through the material;
• determining the first rates of electrical charges flowing through the material as the first electrical charges discharge, by determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrical charges, the first discharge durations measuring the first rates at which the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, by producing periodic clock pulses and counting the periodic clock pulses while the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge;
• determining the second rates of electrical charges flowing through the material as the second electrical charges discharge, by determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrical charges, the second discharge durations measuring the second rates at which the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, by producing periodic clock pulses and counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and,
• determining the moisture content of the material based only upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, according to:
• ##EQU15## where M is the moisture content of the material expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive, and
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive.

A method of measuring moisture content of a material based upon first and second rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the method comprising the steps of:

• providing first electrical charges to the material by applying a third voltage level to sensor electrodes which contact the material;
• providing second electrical charges to the material by applying a fourth voltage level to the sensor electrodes, where the second and first electrical charges are at different levels of charge;
• discharging the first electrical charges through the material;
• discharging the second electrical charges through the material;
• determining the first rates of electrical charges flowing through the material as the first electrical charges discharge by determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrical charges, the first discharge durations measuring the first rates at which the third voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to a fifth voltage level as the first electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material;
• determining the second rates of electrical charges flowing through the material as the second electrical charges discharge by determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrical charges, the second discharge durations measuring the second rates at which the fourth voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to a sixth voltage level as the second electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material;
• and
• determining the moisture content of the material based upon the first and second rates of electrical charges flowing through the material as the first and second electrical charges discharge.

An apparatus for measuring moisture content of a material based upon rates of electrical charges flowing through the material, the apparatus comprising:

• a moisture sensor having:
• sensor electrodes, and
• ground electrodes interdigitated between the sensor electrodes;
• and
• a moisture content determination circuit for providing first electrical charges to the sensor electrodes and providing second electrical charges to the sensor electrodes, where the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges are at different levels of charge, for measuring the rates of the first electrical charges and the second electrical charges flowing from the sensor electrodes through the material to the ground electrodes, and for determining the moisture content of the material based upon the rates of the first and second electrical charges flowing through the material, the moisture content circuit including:
• charging circuits including:
• first charging circuits for providing the first electrical charges to the sensor electrodes, each one of the first charging circuits has a first capacitor associated with one of the sensor electrodes, the first capacitor charged to a first voltage level which is applied to the associated one of the sensor electrodes, and
• second charging circuits for providing the second electrical charges to the sensor electrodes, each one of the second charging circuits has a second capacitor associated with one of the sensor electrodes, the second capacitor charged to the first voltage level which is applied to the associated one of the sensor electrodes:
• a discharge timer for determining first discharge durations associated with the first electrical charges and for determining second discharge durations associated with the second electrical charges, the first discharge durations measuring the rates at which the first electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material, the second discharge durations measuring the rates at which the second electrical charges on the sensor electrodes discharge through the material, the discharge timer determining the first discharge durations by measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to a second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, and determining the second discharge durations by measuring the rates at which the first voltage level on the sensor electrodes decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge, the discharge timer including:
• a clock for producing periodic clock pulses;
• and
• at least one counter for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level decreases to the second voltage level as the first capacitors discharge, and for counting the clock pulses while the first voltage level decreases to the second voltage level as the second capacitors discharge;
• and,
• a moisture content calculator that determines the moisture content of the material based only upon a number of selected first discharge durations and a number of selected second discharge durations, the selected first discharge durations and selected second discharge durations falling within a designated range of clock pulses, according to:
• ##EQU16## where M is the moisture content of the material expressed as a percentage by weight, wet-basis,
• M.sub.1 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected first discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.1, inclusive, and
• M.sub.2 (m) is the moisture content of the material determined using an mth selected second discharge duration, where m is an integer between 1 and n.sub.2, inclusive.