Surface modification apparatus and method for decreasing the drag or retarding forces created by fluids flowing across a moving surface

A body moving relative to a fluid and having a surface for minimizing opposition to the relative movement therebetween, comprising:

• a plurality of first tear-shaped elements extending outwardly from said surface of said body in a predetermined direction with respect to said surface and said fluid, each of said elements having an outer rigid surface and a longitudinal cross section including a forward end generally curving upwardly from a leading end at a substantial rate to a crest and then extending substantially more gradually downwardly to a trailing end and each having a transverse cross section defining a smooth continuously varying curved surface, said plurality of first elements align in rows which define an entrance which changes rapidly from a maximum to a minimal cross section at the crest and then expands laterally from the crest to the trailing end of the adjacent elements, the outer rigid surface of said elements and the surfaces of said body located between said elements being formed with a plurality of riblets including minute series of parallel and alternating peaks and valleys whereby the fluid flow relative to said body minimizes the drag with respect to the relative movement of said body.