Vibration data analysis based on time waveform parameters

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a zero crossings/points ratio;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said zero crossings/points ratio, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a symmetry factor;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said symmetry factor, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a Gaussian distribution of peaks within the digital time domain waveform;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameter to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met, said comparator including a distribution comparator for comparing the Gaussian distribution to predetermined criteria in the form of a normal distribution of peaks.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes an impact parameter A defined by the equation:
• ##EQU20## where:
• M.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with a maximum impact occurring within a sample period of time;
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• and
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within the sample time period;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said impact parameter A, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes an impact parameter B defined by the equation:
• ##EQU21## where:
• M.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with a maximum impact occurring within a sample period of time;
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• and
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said impact parameter B, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a maximum jerk parameter defined by the equation:
• ##EQU22## where:
• T.sub.i represents time at which sample X.sub.i was acquired;
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period;
• and
• (X.sub.n -X.sub.n-1)(X.sub.n+1 -X.sub.n)<0;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said maximum jerk parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a bearing looseness parameter defined by the equation:
• ##EQU23## where:
• T.sub.i represents time at which sample X.sub.i was acquired;
• M.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with a maximum impact occurring within a sample period of time;
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• and
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said bearing looseness parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes an off-center rotation parameter defined by the equation:
• Max .left brkt-bot.C.sub.j -X.right brkt-bot.
• where:
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period;
• and ##EQU24## and (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said off-center rotation parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameter, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a sinusoidal parameter A defined by the equation:
• ##EQU25## where C.sub.i is given by the equation:
• ##EQU26## and where:
• .DELTA. represents the sampling interval between two consecutive points (T.sub.i -T.sub.i-1);
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• and
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period, and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said sinusoidal parameter A, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a sinusoidal parameter B defined by the equation:
• ##EQU27## where:
• ##EQU28## and where:
• .DELTA. represents the sampling interval between two consecutive points (T.sub.i -T.sub.i-1);
• X.sub.i represents the amplitude associated with an impact occurring within the same sample time period;
• and
• n represents the total number of impacts occurring within sample time period;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said sinusoidal parameter B, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a sinusoidal parameter C;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said sinusoidal parameter C, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a DC drift parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said DC drift parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a peak symmetry parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said peak symmetry parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes an absolute symmetry parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said absolute symmetry parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a shape symmetry parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said shape symmetry parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a skewness parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said skewness parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a nonsynchronous residual parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said nonsynchronous residual parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing vibration data measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain waveform measured from a machine by selecting one or more of the routines and calculating one or more selected time waveform parameters that are measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, wherein said one or more selected time waveform parameters includes a synchronous residual parameter;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said one or more selected time waveform parameters, including said synchronous residual parameter, to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.

A vibration data analysis system for analyzing a specified set of waveform parameters that are measures of waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer for analyzing the digital time domain vibration data to produce a plurality of time domain parameters for alarming;
• (b) a comparator for comparing at least one of the plurality of time domain parameters to one or more predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met;
• and
• (c) programmable control means for storing vibration data and for determining, based on an analysis of the digital time domain vibration data:
• (i) when vibration data will be stored;
• and
• (ii) if vibration data is stored, what type of vibration data will be stored.

A method of collecting, analyzing, and storing vibration data generated by a machine, the method comprising the steps of:

• producing an analog vibration signal in the form of a time domain waveform having positive peaks, negative peaks, and DC and sinusoidal components, said time domain waveform corresponding to vibrations generated by the machine;
• conditioning the time domain waveform to produce a conditioned time domain waveform;
• digitizing the conditioned time domain waveform to produce a first digital waveform of machine vibrations in the time domain;
• analyzing the first digital waveform by:
• providing a plurality of routines for calculating a plurality of time domain waveform parameters;
• selecting one or more routines from said plurality of routines to produce one or more selected routines;
• calculating one or more time waveform parameters from said one or more selected routines to produce one or more selected time waveform parameters for alarming, said one or more selected time waveform parameters being measures of time waveform behaviors characteristic of fault modes of the machine being monitored;
• determining one or more criteria corresponding to said one or more selected time waveform parameters;
• comparing said criteria to said one or more selected time waveform parameters;
• and
• producing an alarm when said one or more selected time waveform parameters meets said one or more criteria;
• producing a second digital waveform different than said first digital waveform;
• transforming the second digital waveform to the frequency domain to produce a frequency spectrum;
• analyzing the frequency spectrum;
• and
• storing vibration data when the spectrum analysis or the first digital waveform analysis indicates the likely presence of a machine fault.

A method of collecting, analyzing, and storing vibration data generated by a machine, the method comprising the steps of:

• producing an analog vibration signal in the form of a time domain waveform having positive peaks, negative peaks, and DC and sinusoidal components, said time domain waveform corresponding to vibrations generated by the machine;
• conditioning the time domain waveform to produce a conditioned time domain waveform;
• digitizing the conditioned time domain waveform to produce a first digital waveform of machine vibrations in the time domain;
• analyzing the first digital waveform by:
• determining a plurality of waveform parameters of the first digital time domain waveform that measure behaviors in the waveform associated with machinery faults or data acquisition errors;
• determining one or more criteria corresponding to said plurality of parameters;
• comparing said criteria to each specific waveform parameter;
• and
• producing an alarm when said at least one parameter meets said one or more criteria;
• producing a second digital waveform different than said first digital waveform;
• transforming the second digital waveform to the frequency domain to produce a frequency spectrum;
• selecting one of the first and second digital waveforms to define a selected waveform;
• and
• storing the selected waveform when two or more alarms are produced.

A method of collecting, analyzing, and storing vibration data generated by a machine, the method comprising the steps of:

• producing an analog vibration signal in the form of a time domain waveform having positive peaks, negative peaks, and DC and sinusoidal components, said time domain waveform corresponding to vibrations generated by the machine;
• conditioning the time domain waveform to produce a conditioned time domain waveform;
• digitizing the conditioned time domain waveform to produce a first digital waveform of machine vibrations in the time domain;
• analyzing the first digital waveform by:
• determining a plurality of waveform parameters of the first digital time domain waveform that measure behaviors in the waveform associated with machinery faults or data acquisition errors;
• determining one or more criteria corresponding to said plurality of parameters;
• comparing said criteria to each specific waveform parameter;
• and
• producing an alarm when said at least one parameter meets said one or more criteria;
• when an alarm is produced, transforming the digital time domain waveform to the frequency domain to produce a frequency spectrum;
• analyzing the frequency spectrum;
• and
• storing vibration data when the spectrum analysis indicates the likely presence of a machine fault.

A machine vibration analysis system for analyzing a digital time domain vibration waveform measured from a machine, the system comprising:

• a data processor having:
• (a) an analyzer having a plurality of stored routines for calculating a plurality of time waveform parameters corresponding to a plurality of waveform behaviors, said analyzer being operational to analyze a digital time domain vibration waveform measured from a machine by selecting two or more routines and calculating two or more time waveform parameters corresponding to two or more time waveform behaviors, wherein said two or more selected time waveform behaviors are selected from the group consisting of spiking, symmetry, repetitiveness/randomness, discontinuities, drifts, sinusoidal content, and changes in amplitude probability density;
• and
• (b) a comparator for comparing said two or more selected time waveform parameters to predetermined criteria, and producing an alarm when said criteria is met.