Proportional band temperature control with improved thermal efficiency for a water heater

In a water heater comprising a water tank for holding water, an electrical resistance heating element extending into the water tank for heating water in the water tank, and first and second electric lines connected to the electric resistance heating element for supplying alternating current electricity to the electric resistance heating element, an improved temperature controller for supplying electrical alternating current to the electrical resistance heating element in pulses, each pulse of electricity followed by a period during which electricity is shut off from the electric resistance heating element, which temperature controller comprises:

• a gated thyristor in the first electric line supplying electricity to the electric resistance heating element for turning electricity on and off to the electrical resistance heating element;
• means for supplying a stable supply voltage to a third electric line;
• a thermistor temperature sensor attached to the outer wall of the water tank for sensing the temperature of water in the water tank and connected to the third electric line for producing a voltage proportional to the sensed temperature;
• a variable rheostat calibrated for producing a voltage proportional to a selected set point temperature;
• a fourth electric line connecting the thermistor and the variable rheostat, for producing a signal voltage which is the sum of the voltage from the variable rheostat and the voltage from the thyristor temperature sensor;
• a fifth electric line connected to the fourth electric line between the thermistor and the variable rheostat for conveying the signal voltage;
• a sixth electric line connected to the first electric line;
• a pair of resistors in the sixth electric line for generating a reference voltage;
• a seventh electric line connected to the sixth electric line at a point between the pair of resistors for conveying the reference voltage;
• a voltage comparator having a first leg connected to the fifth electric line which bears the signal voltage and having a second leg connected to the seventh electric line which bears the reference voltage, which voltage comparator compares the signal voltage and reference voltage and produces a comparator voltage at a third leg which is proportional to the temperature difference between the temperature sensed by the thermistor temperature sensor and the set point temperature of the variable rheostat;
• an eighth line connected to the third leg of the voltage comparator and to a logic circuit for conveying the comparator voltage to the logic circuit;
• the logic circuit producing a pulsed electric current in response to a comparator voltage indicating that the sensed temperature is below the set point temperature and producing no electric current when the comparator voltage indicates that the sensed temperature is at or above the set point temperature;
• a ninth electric line connected to the logic circuit and to an amplifier for transferring the pulsed electric current from the logic circuit to the amplifier for producing an amplified pulsed electric current;
• a tenth electric line connected to the amplifier and to the gated thyristor for turning the gated thyristor on when current flows from the amplifier to the gated thyristor and for turning the gated thyristor off when no current flows from the amplifier to the gated thyristor.