# US 5,706,394 A · Telecommunications speech signal improvement by reduction of residual noise

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- Number: US 5,706,394 A
- Document ID: US5706394A
- Status: Granted
- Kind: A
- Application number: 08/455,932
- Filed: 1995-05-31
- Granted: 1998-01-06
- Earliest claimed: 1993-11-30
- Assignees: AT&T Corp.
- Inventors: Woodson Dale Wynn
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US5706394A

## CPC

- G10L 21/0208: Noise filtering
- H04M 3/18: with means for reducing interference {or noise}; with means for reducing effects due to line faults {with means for protecting lines}
- H04M 3/40: Applications of speech amplifiers
- G10L 21/0264: characterised by the type of parameter measurement, e.g. correlation techniques, zero crossing techniques or predictive techniques
- G10L 25/12: the extracted parameters being prediction coefficients
- G10L 25/24: the extracted parameters being the cepstrum
- G10L 2021/02168: {the estimation exclusively taking place during speech pauses}
- G10L: SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
- H04M: TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION (circuits for controlling other apparatus via a telephone cable and not involving telephone switching apparatus G08)

## Abstract

A telecommunications network service overcomes the annoying effects of transmitted noise by signal processing which filters out the noise using a model-based iterative signal estimator. The estimator is provided with a current estimate of the noise power spectral density, using signal frame samples determined by a voice activity detector to be noise-only frames. The signal estimator makes intra-frame iterations of the current frame while using smoothing across LSP parameters of adjacent frames, recent past frames, and up to two contiguous future frames. Non-stationary noise created by the iterative filtering is further reduced in one or more post-filtering stages that use knowledge of the nature of the low level non-stationary noise events.

## Claims

### Claim 1

In a telecommunications network carrying incoming signals having both speech and noise energy, a method including iterative estimations using an LPC speech model for processing said signals at a selected point in said network to reduce said noise energy, comprising the steps of:
converting said incoming signals to a time-series of spectral energy data frames;
reducing in an initial stage comprising said LPC speech model the noise energy in each frame, thereby creating noise-reduced data frames having residual low- amplitude non-stationary noise appearing randomly in data frames as false formant pickets or other noise components of varying amplitudes;
selecting pickets in each said data frame which in accordance with a first criterion are likely to represent false formant pickets;
minimizing the variation in amplitudes of said selected pickets with the pickets in corresponding positions in adjacent said data frames, thereby creating noise-minimized frames; and
combining said noise-minimized frames with said noise-reduced frames and transmitting the combined signal through said network.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1, comprising the further step of:
minimizing the within-frame variations in amplitude of further said pickets identified in accordance with a second predetermined criterion as likely to represent said other noise components.

### Claim 3 (depends on 1, 2)

The method of claims 1 or 2, comprising the further steps of:
making an estimate of the noise power spectrum for each said data frame; and
spectrally subtracting from said convened signal prior to its entering said initial stage a predetermined fraction of said noise power spectrum estimate.

### Claim 4

In a telecommunications network carrying incoming signals having both speech and noise energy, a method including iterative estimations using an LPC speech model for processing said signals at a selected point in said network to reduce said noise energy, comprising the steps of:
converting said incoming signals to a time-series of spectral energy data frames;
reducing in an initial stage comprising said LPC speech model the noise energy in each said frame, thereby creating noise-reduced data frames having residual low-amplitude non-stationary noise appearing randomly in data frames as false formant pickets or other noise components of varying amplitudes;
making an estimate of the noise power spectrum for each said data frame;
identifying in successive said data frames any said pickets at or below a threshold amplitude set at a defined distance above said noise power spectrum estimate for each said data frame.
comparing the amplitude of each identified picket in a given data frame to the amplitudes of corresponding said pickets in time-adjacent data frames to determine which has the minimum amplitude; combining said noise-minimized frames with said noise-reduced frames; and substituting said minimum value for the amplitude of each said identified picket; and
transmitting the combined signal through said network.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method of claim 4, wherein said successive time-adjacent frames are the frames immediately adjacent to said given frame.

### Claim 6 (depends on 4, 5)

The method of claim 5, wherein said defined distance according to claim 4 is not substantially greater than one power spectrum standard deviation above said noise power spectrum estimate established for each said frame.

### Claim 7 (depends on 4, 5)

The method of claims 4, 5, or 6, comprising the further steps of
identifying in successive ones of said data frames one or more spectral pickets having amplitudes within a range which according to a predetermined criterion are likely to represent non-stationary noise energy;
comparing within the same frame the amplitude of each said identified spectral picket with the amplitudes of nearby pickets of different frequency values to determine if any of said nearby pickets have amplitudes falling below said range, and if any are found;
adjusting downward the amplitude of each identified said picket; and
transmitting the frames with said downward-adjusted picket amplitudes through said network.

### Claim 8 (depends on 7)

The method of claim 7, wherein said nearby pickets are the pair located two picket positions on either side of said identified picket.

### Claim 9 (depends on 8)

The method of claim 8, wherein said downward adjustment step comprises:
averaging the values of said pair of pickets; and
substituting the result for the amplitude values of said identified picket and of the pickets next-adjacent to said identified picket.

### Claim 10 (depends on 4, 5)

The method of claims 4, 5, or 6 comprising the further steps of
spectrally subtracting from said converted signal a predetermined fraction of said noise power spectrum estimate; and
applying the resultant said spectrally reduced signal to said initial stage.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10, wherein said said noise power spectrum estimate is generated in said initial stage.

### Claim 12 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10, wherein said predetermined fraction is in a range of up to 50 percent of said noise power spectrum estimate.

### Claim 13 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9, comprising the further steps of:
spectrally subtracting from said converted signal a predetermined fraction of said noise power spectrum estimate; and
applying the resultant said spectrally reduced signal to said initial stage.

### Claim 14 (depends on 13)

The method of claim 13, wherein said noise power spectrum estimate is generated in said first stage.

### Claim 15 (depends on 14)

The method of claim 14, wherein said predetermined fraction is in a range of up to 50 percent of said noise power spectrum estimate.

### Claim 16 (depends on 3)

The method of claim 3, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.

### Claim 17 (depends on 7)

The method of claim 7, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.

### Claim 18 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.

### Claim 19 (depends on 15)

The method of claim 15, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.

### Claim 20

In a telecommunications network carrying incoming signals having both speech and noise energy, a method for processing said signals at a selected point in said network to reduce said noise energy, comprising the steps of:
converting said incoming signals to a time-series of special energy data frames;
using an iterated filter based on an LPC speech modal with filter-order adjustments, iteratively processing said data frames to create a new filter for each iteration of a current frame, a noise power spectra estimate for each frame and a noise-reduced output speech signal for each iteration, thereby also creating residual low-amplitude non-stationary noise appearing randomly in data frame pickets at false formant or other noise components;
detecting noise-only frames and in response thereto updating said noise power spectrum estimate only during said noise-only frames;
identifying in successive said data frames from the output speech signal of said iterative filter any said pickets at or below a threshold amplitude set at a defined distance above said noise power spectrum estimate for each said data frame;
comparing the amplitude of each identified picket in a given data frame to the amplitudes of corresponding said pickets in time-adjacent data frames to determine which has the minimum amplitude;
substituting said minimum value for the amplitude of each said identified picket;
combining said noise-minimized frames with said noise-reduced frames; and
transmitting the combined signal through said network.

### Claim 21 (depends on 20)

The method of claim 20, comprising the further step of:
attenuating said incoming signal in further response to said detection of noise-only frames; and
passing said attenuated incoming signal to said network.

### Claim 22 (depends on 21)

The method of claim 21, comprising the further step of:
identifying in successive said data frames any said pickets at or below a threshold amplitude set at a defined distance above said noise power spectrum estimate for each said data frame;
comparing the amplitude of each identified picket in a given data frame to the amplitude of corresponding said pickets in time-adjacent data frames to determine which has the minimum amplitude;
substituting said minimum value for the amplitude of each said identified picket to further minimize noise components therein;
combining said noise-minimized frames with said noise-reduced frames; and
transmitting the combined signal to said network.

### Claim 23 (depends on 22)

The method of claim 22, comprising the further step of:
detecting voiced speech and in response thereto adjusting said LPC modal filter order to substantially the 10.sup.th order.

### Claim 24 (depends on 23)

The method of claim 23, comprising the further step of
detecting unvoiced speech and in response thereto adjusting the LPC modal filter order to a range of from 4.sup.th to 6.sup.th order.

### Claim 25 (depends on 24)

The method of claim 24, wherein said successive time-adjacent frames are the frames immediately adjacent to said given frame.

### Claim 26 (depends on 25)

The method of claim 25, wherein said iterative filter operations further comprise:
selecting from said time-series of data frames a short sequence of consecutive frames including the current frame;
iterating the current frame over only said frame sequence; and
performing iterations numbering from three to seven on said current frame, thereby to create a smoothed estimate of the speech power spectrum for said frame.

### Claim 27 (depends on 26)

The method of claim 26, wherein said iterative processing further comprises creating a new Wiener Filter for each iteration of a current frame by combining the output of the previous Wiener Filter iteration with the unfiltered said incoming signal in a preselected weighting ratio, thereby to control through said weighting the final noise content of said output signal vs. the degree of high-frequency filtering in said iterative filtering.

### Claim 28 (depends on 27)

The method of claim 27, wherein said short sequence of frames includes from 1 to 2 future frames and from 1 to 4 past frames.

### Claim 29 (depends on 28)

The method of claim 28, wherein said data frames during said iterations are overlapped.

### Claim 30 (depends on 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)

The method of claims 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29, wherein said defined distance according to claim 20 is not substantially greater than one power spectrum standard deviation above said noise power spectrum estimate for each said frame.

### Claim 31 (depends on 30)

The method of claim 30, comprising the further steps of:
identifying in successive ones of said data frames one or more spectral pickets having amplitudes within a range which according to a predetermined criterion are likely to represent non-stationary noise energy;
comparing within the same frame the amplitude of each said identified spectral picket with the amplitudes of nearby pickets of different frequency values to determine if any of said nearby pickets have amplitudes falling below said range; and if any are found,
adjusting downward the amplitude of each identified said picket; and
transmitting the frames with downward-adjusted picket amplitudes through said network.

### Claim 32 (depends on 31)

The method of claim 31, wherein said nearby pickets are the pair located two picket positions on either said of said identified picket.

### Claim 33 (depends on 32)

The method of claim 32, wherein said downward adjustment step comprises:
averaging the values of said pair of pickets; and
substituting said average for the amplitude values of said identified picket and of the next-adjacent to said identified picket.

### Claim 34 (depends on 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)

The method of claims 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29, comprising the further steps of:
spectrally subtracting from said converted signal a predetermined fraction of said noise power spectrum estimate; and
applying the resultant said spectrally reduced signal to said iterative filter step.

### Claim 35 (depends on 34)

The method of claim 34, wherein said predetermined fraction is in a range of up to 50 percent of said noise power spectrum estimate.

### Claim 36 (depends on 35)

The method of claim 35, wherein said data frames substantially overlap one another by substantially 50 percent.

### Claim 37 (depends on 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28)

The method of claims 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.

### Claim 38 (depends on 30)

The method of claim 30, wherein said selected point in said network is a toll switch.