Toner aggregation latex processes

A process for the preparation of toner particles consisting essentially of:

• (i) preparing a pigment dispersion, which dispersion is comprised of a pigment, and a cationic surfactant;
• (ii) shearing said pigment dispersion with a latex comprised of water, resin, a counterionic or anionic surfactant with a charge polarity of opposite sign to that of said cationic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant, and wherein said latex is prepared by the addition of monomers containing a chain transfer agent and an organic soluble initiator to a water phase containing an anionic surfactant, and said nonionic surfactant, followed by the addition of a water soluble initiator, and subsequently heating;
• (iii) heating the above sheared blend below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin to form electrostatically bound toner size aggregates with a narrow particle size distribution;
• (iv) adding further anionic surfactant in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 5 weight percent;
• (v) heating for a period of from about 0.5 to about 5 hours said bound aggregates above the Tg of the resin;
• and
• (vi) isolating and drying said toner particles.

A process for the preparation of a latex by a microsuspension polymerization processes which comprises

• (i) adding monomers to be reacted at a concentration between 20 and 50 percent of the final weight of the aqueous dispersion together with between 0.5 and 5 percent by weight of a chain transfer agent or agents, and between 0.2 and 5 percent of an oil soluble initiator to an aqueous mixed surfactant solution of anionic and nonionic surfactants where the total surfactant concentration is between 0.5 and 5 percent;
• (ii) blending the dispersion of (i) under conditions of high shear of between 5,000 and 15,000 rpm to form a fine oil in water suspension, thereafter adding between 1 and 5 percent of a water soluble initiator to this sheared emulsion;
• and
• (iii) heating the above emulsion to between 60.degree. C. and 80.degree. C. while stirring gently for between about 4 and about 10 hours to form the latex as a polymerized resin in suspension, or a polymerized resin in an emulsion, wherein said resin results from said monomer.