Geosynthetics

A geosynthetic structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of synthetic cross machine direction ends and a plurality of synthetic machine direction ends, the scrim tufted with a plurality of synthetic tufted ends with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration of no less than substantially 15%;
• and
• c. vegetation rooted at least partially in the substrate of particulate material and extending at least partially through the interstices in the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.

A geosynthetic structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of cross machine direction ends and a plurality of machine direction ends, both machine and cross machine ends comprising filaments having a thickness of substantially at least 11.5 mils;
• the scrim tufted with a plurality of tufted ends comprising between substantially 1 and 30 ply of filaments, each filament having a thickness of at least substantially 11.5 mils, with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration between substantially 15% and 20%;
• and exhibits a cross machine and machine direction tensile strength (in pounds per foot) to density (in ounces per square yard) ratio of between substantially 34 and 66;
• and
• c. vegetation rooted at least partially in the substrate of particulate material and extending at least partially through the interstices in the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.

A geosynthetic structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of synthetic cross machine direction ends and a plurality of synthetic machine direction ends, the scrim tufted with a plurality of synthetic tufted ends, with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration of no less than substantially 15%;
• and
• c. an overstratum of particulate material disposed on the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat, at least some of the particulate material of the overstratum captured and retained within the interstices formed in the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.

A geosynthetic structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of cross machine direction ends and a plurality of machine direction ends, both machine and cross machine ends comprising filaments having a thickness of at least substantially 11.5 mils;
• the scrim tufted with a plurality of tufted ends comprising between substantially 1 and 30 ply of filaments, each filament having a thickness of at least substantially 11.5 mils, and each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration between substantially 15% and 20%;
• and exhibits a cross machine and machine direction tensile strength (in pounds per foot) to density (in ounces per square yard) ratio of between substantially 34 and 66;
• and
• c. an overstratum of particulate material disposed on the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat, at least some of the particulate material of the overstratum captured and retained within the interstices formed in the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.

A civil engineering structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of synthetic cross machine direction ends and a plurality of synthetic machine direction ends, the scrim tufted with a plurality of synthetic tufted ends, with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration of no less than substantially 15%;
• and
• c. at least one retaining structure formed of concrete material attached to the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat and disposed to retain at least a portion of the substrate of particulate material.

A civil engineering structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed adjacent to the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of synthetic cross machine direction ends and a plurality of synthetic machine direction ends, the scrim tufted with a plurality of synthetic tufted ends, with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration of no less than substantially 15% and features cross machine and machine direction tensile strength (in pounds per foot) to density (in ounces per square yard) ratio of between substantially 34 and 66;
• and
• c. at least one membrane which is substantially impermeable to liquid, which membrane is disposed adjacent to the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.

A filter structure comprising:

• a. a substrate of particulate material;
• b. a layer of tufted geosynthetic mat disposed on the substrate of particulate material, comprising a woven scrim formed of a plurality of synthetic cross machine direction ends and a plurality of synthetic machine direction ends, the scrim tufted with a plurality of synthetic tufted ends, with each tufted end forming a coil tufted to the scrim, each coil including a repeated pattern of loops, each repeated pattern of loops defining a plurality of interstices for capturing vegetation and retaining soil whereby the interstices are oriented in three dimensions to create a light penetration of no less than substantially 15% and features cross machine and machine direction tensile strength (in pounds per foot) to density (in ounces per square yard) ratio of between substantially 34 and 66;
• and
• c. at least one layer of crushed rock material disposed on the layer of tufted geosynthetic mat.