Solid polymer electrolyte, battery and solid-state electric double layer capacitor using the same as well as processes for the manufacture thereof

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkylester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkylester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III);
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• (ii) a homopolymer of a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1 ')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 '(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1 ' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2 ' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said electrolyte salt is at least one compound selected from an alkali metal salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternary phosphonium salt and a transition metal salt.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkylester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represents an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III);
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said electrolyte salt is at least one compound selected from an alkali metal salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternary phosphonium salt and a transition metal salt.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• (ii) a homopolymer of a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1 ')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 '(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1 ' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2 ' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said solid polymer electrolyte further contains a plasticizer.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkylester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represents an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III);
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said solid polymer electrolyte further contains a plasticizer.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising:

• a composite of:
• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• (ii) a homopolymer of a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1 ')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 '(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1 ' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2 ' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said electrolyte salt is at least one compound selected from an alkali metal salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternary phosphonium salt and a transition metal salt,
• wherein said solid polymer electrolyte further contains a plasticizer.

A solid polymer electrolyte comprising a composite of:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkylester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and n, m and k each represents an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III);
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt, wherein said electrolyte salt is at least one compound selected from an alkali metal salt, a quaternary ammonium salt, a quaternary phosphonium salt and a transition metal salt,
• wherein said solid polymer electrolyte further contains a plasticizer.

An electrode comprising:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (ii) a homopolymer of a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polarizable material.

An electrode comprising:

• (a) a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (iii) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III);
• and
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polarizable material.

A process for manufacturing an electrode which comprises the steps of:

• (A) mixing
• (a) a monomer component, wherein said monomer component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and
• (ii) a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polymerizable material, to obtain a polymerizable monomer mixture;
• and
• (B) polymerizing the polymerizable monomer mixture in a form to obtain the electrode.

A process for manufacturing an electrode which comprises the steps of:

• (A) mixing
• (a) a monomer component, wherein said monomer component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and
• (ii) a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 '(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1 ' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2 ' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polymerizable material;
• and
• (c) a plasticizer, to obtain a polymerizable monomer mixture;
• and
• (B) polymerizing the polymerizable monomer mixture in a form to obtain the electrode.

A process for manufacturing an electrode which comprises the steps of:

• (A) mixing
• (a) a monomer component, wherein said monomer component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and
• n is an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (ii) a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polarizable material;
• to obtain a polymerizable monomer mixture;
• and
• (B) polymerizing the polymerizable monomer mixture in a form to obtain the electrode.

A process for manufacturing an electrode which comprises the steps of:

• (A) mixing
• (a) a monomer component, wherein said monomer component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a monomer selected from the group consisting of:
• 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and n is an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (ii) a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• (b) at least one electroactive substance or polarizable material;
• and
• (c) a plasticizer, to obtain a polymerizable monomer mixture;
• and
• (B) polymerizing the polymerizable monomer mixture in a form to obtain the electrode.

A process for manufacturing a battery which comprises the steps of:

• (A) placing a polymerizable monomer mixture in a frame for construction of a battery or on a support, wherein said frame comprises two electrodes that are not in contact with each other, and
• (B) polymerizing said polymerizable monomer mixture, wherein said mixture comprising
• (a) at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and
• (ii) a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt.

A process for manufacturing a battery which comprises the steps of:

• (A) placing a polymerizable monomer mixture in a frame for construction of a battery or on a support, wherein said frame comprises two electrodes that are not in contact with each other, and
• (B) polymerizing said polymerizable monomer mixture, wherein said mixture comprises
• (a) a monomer component wherein said monomer component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a monomer selected from the group consisting of:
• 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represent s a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (ii) a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt.

An electric double layer capacitor comprising polarizable electrodes and an ionic conducting substance arranged between the electrodes, said polarizable electrodes comprising a carbon material and a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:

• (a) a homopolymer of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• (b) a homopolymer of a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (c) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1 ')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2 '(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1 ' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2 ' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.

An electric double layer capacitor comprising polarizable electrodes and an ionic conducting substance arranged between the electrodes, said polarizable electrodes comprising a carbon material and a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:

• (a) a homopolymer of a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and n is an integer of 1 or more;
• (b) a homopolymer of a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (c) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a monomer represented by formula (II) and a monomer represented by formula (III).

An electric double layer capacitor comprising polarizable electrodes and an ionic conducting substance arranged between the electrodes, wherein said polarizable electrodes are manufactured by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer mixture comprising a carbon material and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of:

• (a) a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (b) a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen.

An electric double layer capacitor comprising polarizable electrodes and an ionic conducting substance arranged between the electrodes, wherein said polarizable electrodes are manufactured by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer mixture comprising a carbon material and at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of:

• (a) a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and n is an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (b) a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and
• n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more.

A process for manufacturing an electric double layer capacitor which comprises the steps of:

• (A) placing a polymerizable monomer mixture in a frame for construction of an electric double layer capacitor or on a support, wherein said frame comprises two electrodes that are not in contact with each other, and
• (B) polymerizing said polymerizable monomer mixture, wherein said mixture comprises
• (a) at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and
• (ii) a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt.

A process for manufacturing an electric double layer capacitor which comprises the steps of:

• (A) placing a polymerizable monomer mixture in a frame for construction of an electric double layer capacitor or on a support, wherein said frame comprises two electrodes that are not in contact with each other, and
• (B) polymerizing said polymerizable monomer mixture, wherein said mixture comprises
• (a) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of:
• (i) a monomer selected from the group consisting of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid .omega.-alkyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester, and 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamoyloligooxyalkyl ester,
• wherein said monomer is represented by general formula (II):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O(R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4 (II)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 represents --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)C.sub.2 --;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• and n is an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (ii) a monomer represented by formula (III):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)O{(R.sup.6 O).sub.m C(.dbd.O)NHR.sup.5 NHC(.dbd.O)O}.sub.k (R.sup.3 O).sub.n R.sup.4(III)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen or a methyl group;
• R.sup.3 and R.sup.6 each represent --(CH.sub.2).sub.2 -- or --CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 or --C(.dbd.O)NH(CH.sub.2).sub.2 OC(.dbd.O)C(CH.sub.3).dbd.CH.sub.2 ;
• R.sup.5 represents an alkylene, allylene, arylene or oxyalkylene group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms;
• and n, m and k each represent an integer of 1 or more;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt.

A process for manufacturing an electric double layer capacitor which comprises the steps of:

• (A) arranging a pair of polarizable electrodes so as to face each other, said electrodes comprising a carbon material and a polymeric component, wherein said polymeric component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
• (a) a homopolymer of 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer,
• (b) a homopolymer of 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester monomer, and
• (c) a copolymer comprising at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of a 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester, and a 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester,
• wherein said 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1)C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2(I)
• wherein
• R.sup.1 represents hydrogen;
• R.sup.2 represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• wherein said 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester is represented by formula (I'):
• CH.sub.2 .dbd.C(R.sup.1')C(.dbd.O)O(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(.dbd.O)OR.sup.2'(I')
• wherein
• R.sup.1' represents methyl;
• R.sup.2' represents an organic chain containing at least one oxyalkylene group, wherein said organic chain may be linear, branched or cyclic, and may contain one or more atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or oxygen;
• and
• (B) placing in between said facing electrodes a polymerizable monomer mixture comprising
• (a) at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of the 2-acryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester and the 2-methacryloyloxyethylcarbamic acid ester;
• and
• (b) at least one electrolyte salt;
• and
• (C) polymerizing said polymerizable monomer mixture.