Scheme for information dispersal and reconstruction

A process for protecting against loss and enhancing accessibility in a partitioned or distributed storage or memory system of the kind having portions or components prone to faults or inaccessibilities, of information which is represented in said storage or memory system, said information comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said process comprising

• transforming and breaking apart said information into smaller assemblages of elements of said finite field or computational structure, and
• dispersing said information by storing said assemblages in multiple portions or components of said storage or memory system, in a manner that is expected to yield no fewer than a required number, m, of said assemblages, at least some said assemblages being stored in different said portions or components,
• retrieving at least said required number of said assemblages from said storage or memory system, and
• reconstructing said information from said retrieved assemblages,
• said step of transforming and breaking apart comprising
• representing said information by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . ,n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . ,N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element C.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r, r=1, . . . , N/m);
• said step of reconstructing said information from said retrieved assemblages comprising:
• forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to form the elements c.sub..sub.i,r of the retrieved assemblages, and
• generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said retrieved assemblages.

A process for protecting against loss and enhancing speed of transmission on communication paths, or information which is represented as data signals on communication paths, said information comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said communication links being prone to faults or congestions, said process comprising

• transforming and breaking apart said information into n smaller assemblages of elements of said finite field or computational structure, and
• dispersing said information by transmitting said smaller assemblages in the form of said data signals carried on multiple communication paths, or by transmitting said smaller assemblages at different times in the form of said data signals carried on a single communication path, in a manner that is expected to yield no fewer than a required number, m, of said assemblages,
• receiving at least said required number of said assemblages from said paths, and
• reconstructing said information from said retrieved assemblages,
• said step of transforming and breaking apart comprising:
• representing said information by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where m N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . ,N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {C.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m};
• said step of reconstructing said information from said received assemblages comprising:
• forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to form the elements c.sub.i,r of the received assemblages, and,
• generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said received assemblages.

A process for protecting against loss and for enhancing accessibility in storage or memory, and protecting against loss and enhancing speed of transmission in a network, of information which is represented in storage or memory, and represented as data signals on said network, said network and storage or memory being part of a distributed processing system of the kind having nodes associated with storage or memory devices, said nodes being interconnected in said network, and in which said storage or memory devices are prone to faults or inaccessibilities, said process comprising

• transforming and breaking apart said information into smaller assemblages of elements of said finite field or computational structure, and
• dispersing said information by transmitting said smaller assemblages in the form of said data signals carried on multiple communication paths, or by transmitting said smaller assemblages at different times in the form of said data signals carried on a single communication path, and by storing said assemblages in multiple said storage or memory devices in said nodes, in a manner that is expected to yield no fewer than a required number, m, of assemblages,
• retrieving at least said required number of assemblages from said storage or memory devices via said network, and
• reconstructing said information from said retrieved assemblages, and
• reassembling the information from the thus generated elements,
• said step of transforming and breaking apart comprising:
• representing said information by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector .alpha..sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m};
• said step of reconstructing said information from said retrieved assemblages comprising:
• forming m vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to calculate the elements c.sub.i,r of the m retrieved assemblages, and
• generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said retrieved assemblages.

A method for communicating information packets among the nodes of a parallel processing computer, each node having an associated processor, memory, information dispersal/reconstruction unit, and a buffer, said nodes being linked by an interconnection network, whereby each node can communicate with any other node via paths at least some of which pass through intermediate nodes, said paths being subject to failure, and each said node's buffer having a finite capacity, each information packet being sent from a source node to a destination node, said information packet comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said method comprising

• transforming and breaking apart said information packet into n assemblages by
• representing said information packet by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r-th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n pieces such that the i-th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m},
• sending said assemblages via different said paths of said network toward said destination node,
• receiving at said destination node at least said m assemblages from network, and
• reconstructing said information packet from said m assemblages by
• forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that Were used to form the elements c.sub.i,r of the available m assemblages,
• generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of the m available assemblages, and
• reassembling the information from the thus generated N elements.

Apparatus for for protecting against loss and for enhancing accessibility in storage or memory, or protecting against loss and enhancing speed of transmission on communication paths, of information which is represented in storage or memory, or represented as data signals on communication paths, said information comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said apparatus comprising

• means for transforming and breaking apart said information among a set of smaller assemblages of elements of said finite field or computational structure and
• a disperser for dispersing said information by transmitting said smaller assemblages in the form of said data signals carried on multiple communication paths, or by transmitting said smaller assemblages at different times in the form of said data signals carried on a single communication path, or by storing said assemblages in multiple storage or memory locations, in a manner that is expected to yield no fewer than a required number of said assemblages,
• said means for transforming and breaking apart comprising
• a converter for representing said information by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• a segmenter for grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• a vector generator for selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• a calculator for calculating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being calculated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and
• an assembler for assembling the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m}.

Apparatus for reconstructing information from an available set of m assemblages that were generated by dispersing the information, by,

• representing said information packet by N elements of a field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r-th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n pieces such that the i-th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m}, the apparatus comprising
• a matrix processor for forming an m.times.m matrix whose rows are the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to form the characters c.sub.i,r of the available m assemblages, and for inverting the m.times.m matrix,
• a calculator for generating the N characters of the data signal by multiplying the inverted matrix times groups of the elements c.sub.i,r,
• and an assembler for reassembling the N characters to form the information.

Apparatus for protecting against loss and enhancing accessibility in a partitioned or distributed storage or memory system of the kind having portions or components prone to faults or inaccessibilities, of information which is represented in said storage or memory system., said information comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said apparatus comprising:

• means for transforming and breaking apart said information into smaller assemblages of elements of said finite field or computational structure,
• storage or memory for storing said assemblages in said portions or components of said storage or memory system, at least some pieces being stored in different said portions or components,
• said means for transforming and breaking apart comprising
• a converter for representing said information by N elements of a field or computational structure,
• a segmenter for grouping said N elements into N/m groups of m elements, where m is less than N,
• a vector generator for selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n} each having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• a calculator for calculating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into said n assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being calculated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and
• an assembler for generating the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m};
• and
• a reconstructor for retrieving at least m of said assemblages from portions or components of said storage or memory system, and for reconstructing said information from said m retrieved assemblages, said reconstructor comprising a processor for forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to calculate the elements c.sub.i,r of the m retrieved assemblages,
• a calculator for generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said m retrieved assemblages, and
• an assembler for reassembling the information from the thus generated N elements.

Apparatus for a process for protecting against loss and enhancing speed of transmission on communication paths, of information which is represented as data signals on communication paths, said information comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational element, said communication links being prone to faults or congestions, said apparatus comprising

• a disperser for dispersing said information into n smaller assemblages, and for transmitting said n assemblages in the form of said data signals carried on multiple communication paths, or by transmitting said smaller assemblages at different times in the form of said data signals carried on a single communication path, in a manner that is expected to yield no fewer than a required number, m, of said assemblages, said disperser comprising
• a converter for representing said information by N elements of a field or computational structure,
• a segmenter for grouping said N elements into N/m groups of m elements, where m is less than N, a vector generator for selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n} each having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent, a calculator for calculating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into said n assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being calculated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and an assembler for generating the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m};
• and
• a reconstructor for receiving at least m of said assemblages from said, paths and for reconstructing said information from said m received paths, said reconstructor comprising
• a processor for forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to calculate the elements c.sub.i,r of the m received assemblages, a calculator for generating the N elements which represent of the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said m received assemblages, and an assembler for reassembling the information from the thus generated N elements.

Apparatus for protecting against loss and for enhancing accessibility in storage or memory, and protecting against loss and enhancing speed of transmission in a network, or information which is represented in storage or memory and represented as data signals on said network, said network and storage or memory being part of a distributed processing system of the kind having nodes with associated storage or memory devices, said nodes being interconnected in said network, and in which said storage or memory devices are prone to faults or inaccessibilities, said apparatus comprising

• a disperser for dispersing said information into n smaller assemblages, and for distributing said n assemblages to said storage or memory devices at different said nodes via said network, said disperser comprising
• a converter for representing said information by N elements of a field or computational structure, a segmenter for grouping said N elements into N/m groups of m elements, where m is less than N,
• a vector generator for selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n} each having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• a calculator for calculating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into said n assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being calculated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r.sup.th said group of elements, and an assembler for generating the n assemblages such that the i.sup.th piece is an assemblage of the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=1, . . . , N/m};
• and
• a reconstructor for retrieving at least m of said assemblages from said storage or memory devices via said network, and for reconstructing said information from said m retrieved assemblages, said reconstructor comprising a processor for forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to calculate the elements c.sub.i,r of the m retrieved assemblages,
• a calculator for generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of said m retrieved assemblages, and
• an assembler for reassembling the information from the thus generated N elements.

Apparatus for communicating information packets among the nodes of a parallel processing computer, each node having an associated processor and memory, said nodes being linked by an interconnection network, whereby each node can communicate with any other node via paths at least some of which pass through intermediate nodes, said paths being subject to failure, and each said node's memory having a finite capacity, each information packet being sent from a source node to a destination node, said information packet comprising data elements, each said data element representable as an element of a finite field or computational structure, said apparatus comprising

• a disperser for transforming and breaking apart said information packet into n assemblages, and for sending said assemblages via different said paths of said network toward said destination node the transforming and breaking apart being done in accordance with the following method, by
• representing said information packet by N elements of said field or computational structure,
• grouping said N elements into N/m groups, each containing m elements, where N is greater than m, and hence there are more than one of said groups,
• selecting a set of vectors {a.sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , n}, each of said vectors having m elements of said field or computational structure, there being an arbitrarily high probability that any subset of m of the vectors are linearly independent,
• generating a set of elements {c.sub.i,r :
• i=1, . . . , n, r=1, . . . , N/m} for assembly into n said assemblages, each element c.sub.i,r being generated as the product of a vector a.sub.i times the elements of the r-th said group of elements, and
• assembling the n pieces such that the i-th assemblage comprises the elements {c.sub.i,r :
• r=.sub.1, . . . , N/m}, and
• a reconstructor for receiving at said destination node at least said m assemblages from said network, and for reconstructing said information packet from said m assemblages by
• forming m vectors {.alpha..sub.i :
• i=1, . . . , m} derived from the m vectors a.sub.i that were used to form the elements c.sub.i,r of the available m assemblages,
• generating the N elements which represent the information by multiplying said vectors .alpha..sub.i times vectors of length m formed by taking corresponding single elements, one from each of the m available assemblages, and
• reassembling the information from the thus generated N elements.