Liquid crystal display

A process for producing spacer particles for a liquid crystal display which comprises copolymerizing a monomer with a compound represented by the following formula (2):

• ##STR14## wherein R represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkenyl group, a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 aryl group, a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkylcarbamoyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 acylcarbamoyl group or a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 arylcarbamoyl group;
• R.sub.1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein a hydroxyl group may be substituted for a hydrogen atom on the alkylene group;
• m is a positive number of 1 to 100 on the average, with the proviso that the plural R.sub.1 's may be the same or different from each other;
• and X represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

A process for producing spacer particles for a liquid crystal display which comprises reacting core particles each having, on the surface portion of the core particle, a substituent group which reacts with a compound represented by the following formulas (3) or (4) with the compound represented by the following formulas (3) or (4):

• ##STR15## wherein R represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkenyl group, a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 aryl group, a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkylcarbamoyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 acylcarbamoyl group or a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 arylcarbamoyl group;
• R.sub.1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein a hydroxyl group may be substituted for a hydrogen atom on the alkylene group;
• m is a positive number of 1 to 100 on the average, with the proviso that the plural R.sub.1 's may be the same or different from each other;
• n is zero or, on the average, a positive number of more than 0 to 100, with the proviso that the plural R.sub.1 's may be the same or different from each other;
• and Z represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom, an aminoalkyl group or a carboxyalkyl group.

A process for producing spacer particles for a liquid crystal display which comprises reacting core particles each having, at least on the surface portion of the core particle, a nonionic hydrophilic unit represented by the following formula (5):

• ##STR16## wherein R.sub.1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein a hydroxyl group may be substituted for a hydrogen atom on the alkylene group;
• and m is a positive number of 1 to 100 on the average, with the proviso that the plural R.sub.1 's may be the same or different from each other, with an acid halide having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group, an acid anhydride having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group, an isocyanate compound having a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group or a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 aryl group, a C.sub.3 -C.sub.18 .alpha.-olefin epoxide or an epoxy compound represented by the formula (4):
• ##STR17## wherein R represents a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkenyl group, a C.sub.6 -C.sub.18 aryl group, a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 alkylaryl group, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 acyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkylcarbamoyl group, a C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 acylcarbamoyl group or a C.sub.7 -C.sub.18 arylcarbamoyl group;
• R.sub.1 represents a linear or branched alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms wherein a hydroxyl group may be substituted for a hydrogen atom on the alkylene group;
• and n is zero or, on the average, a positive number of more than 0 to 100, with the proviso that the plural R.sub.1 's may be the same or different from each other.