# US 5,353,110 A · Method and apparatus for carrying out optical time domain reflectometry using weighing techniques

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- Number: US 5,353,110 A
- Document ID: US5353110A
- Status: Granted
- Kind: A
- Application number: 07/729,305
- Filed: 1991-07-12
- Granted: 1994-10-04
- Earliest claimed: 1991-07-12
- Assignees: Tektronix, Inc.
- Inventors: Michael D. Jones
- Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US5353110A

## CPC

- G01M 11/3118: {using coded light-pulse sequences}
- G01M: TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR

## Abstract

An optical time domain reflectometry method and apparatus that employs Hadamard transforms to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. A sequence of N pulses of light corresponding to a Hadamard derived code are launched down a fiber optic cable for each of N such codes. Selected combinations of pulses of reflected light are transformed by a Hadamard derived matrix to a set of equations that are solved simultaneously to determine the power reflected from each of N points. Where a Hadamard code is used the average mean square error is reduced by a factor of 1/N. Where a simplex code is employed the average mean square error is reduced by a factor of 4N/(1+N).sup.2. In addition, N measurements of the power reflected at each point are computed and averaged.

## Claims

### Claim 1

A method of carrying out a measurement of the power of energy of a selected form reflected within a medium in which that energy propagates, comprising:
(a) applying energy in selected form to the medium, the power at which energy is applied varying as function of time in accordance with a predetermined number N of sequential element codes, each code having N elements;
(b) receiving energy in said selected form reflected from within said medium;
(c) for each code, measuring the power of said energy reflected from within said medium as a function of time and assigning said power measurements as the sum of the powers reflected from a selected set of points within said medium, the number of points being equal to N; and
(d) computing the powers reflected at said N points within said medium by solving N equations simultaneously, where each equation represents one said sum of the powers reflected from said selected set of points within said medium.

### Claim 2 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein said N points within said medium lie along an energy path between a selected first distance along that path and a second distance along that path equal to said first distance less one half the product of N times the pulse length of the code elements.

### Claim 3 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 wherein said energy path is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 4 (depends on 2)

The method of claim 2 wherein steps (b), (c) and (d) are repeated for each of a plurality of selected distinct first distances, and the powers computed for a given point within said medium for each repetition, if any, are averaged to obtain a measured power value for each such point.

### Claim 5 (depends on 4)

The method of claim 4 wherein each successive first distance corresponds to the product of the time that has passed since said energy was first applied to said medium times the velocity of said energy in said medium.

### Claim 6 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, further comprising displaying the computed powers reflected from within said medium as a function of time.

### Claim 7 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5, further comprising displaying the computed powers reflected from within said medium as a function of distance along said energy path.

### Claim 8 (depends on 5)

The method of claim 5 wherein said energy path is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 9 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein said codes are simplex codes.

### Claim 10 (depends on 9)

The method of claim 9 wherein said N points within said medium lie along an energy path between a selected first distance along that path and a second distance along that path equal to said first distance less one half the product of N times the pulse length of the code elements.

### Claim 11 (depends on 10)

The method of claim 10 wherein steps (b), (c) and (d) are repeated for each of a plurality of selected distinct first distances, and the powers computed for a given point within said medium for each repetition, if any, are averaged to obtain a measured power value of each such point.

### Claim 12 (depends on 11)

The method of claim 11 wherein each successive first distance corresponds to the product of the time that has passed since said energy was first applied to said medium times the velocity of said energy in said medium.

### Claim 13 (depends on 12)

The method of claim 12 wherein said energy is in the form of light, said light having a first power when a code element is a one and a second, distinct power when a code element is a zero.

### Claim 14 (depends on 12)

The method of claim 12 wherein said medium is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 15 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein said codes are a set of orthogonal codes.

### Claim 16 (depends on 1)

The method of claim 1 wherein said codes are Hadamard codes.

### Claim 17

An apparatus for carrying out a measurement of the power of energy of a selected form reflected within a medium in which that energy propagates, comprising:
(a) source means for applying energy in selected form to the medium, the power at which energy is applied varying as function of time in accordance with a predetermined number N of sequential element codes, each code having N elements;
(b) detector means for receiving energy in said selected form reflected from within said medium;
(c) measurement means for measuring, for each code, the power of said energy reflected from within said medium as a function of time and assigning said power measurements as the sum of the powers reflected from a selected set of points within said medium, the number of points being equal to N; and
(d) processor means for computing the powers reflected at said N points within said medium by solving N equations simultaneously, where each equation represents one said sum of the powers reflected from said selected set of respective points within said medium.

### Claim 18 (depends on 17)

The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said N points within said medium lie along an energy path between a selected first distance along that path and a second distance along that path equal to said first distance less one half the product of N times the pulse length of the code elements.

### Claim 19 (depends on 18)

The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said energy path is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 20 (depends on 18)

The apparatus of claim 18 wherein means (b), (c) and (d) are employed repeatedly for each of a plurality of selected distinct first distances, and the powers computed for a given point within said medium for each repetition, if any, are averaged to obtain a measured power value for each such point.

### Claim 21 (depends on 20)

The apparatus of claim 20 wherein each successive first distance corresponds to the product of the time that has passed since said energy was first applied to said medium times the velocity of said energy in said medium.

### Claim 22 (depends on 21)

The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for displaying the computed powers reflected from within said medium as a function of time.

### Claim 23 (depends on 21)

The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for displaying the computed powers reflected from within said medium as a function of distance along said energy path.

### Claim 24 (depends on 21)

The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said energy path is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 25 (depends on 17)

The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said codes are simplex codes.

### Claim 26 (depends on 25)

The apparatus of claim 25 wherein said N points within said medium lie along an energy path between a selected first distance along that path and a second distance along that path equal to said first distance less one half the product of N times the pulse length of the code elements.

### Claim 27 (depends on 26)

The apparatus of claim 26 wherein means (b), (c) and (d) are employed repeatedly for each of a plurality of selected distinct first distances, and the powers computed for a given point within said medium for each repetition, if any, are averaged to obtain a measured power value for each such point.

### Claim 28 (depends on 27)

The apparatus of claim 27 wherein each successive first distance corresponds to the product of the time that has passed since said energy was first applied to said medium times the velocity of said energy in said medium.

### Claim 29 (depends on 28)

The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said energy is in the form of light, said light having a first power when a code element is a one and a second, distinct power when a code element is a zero.

### Claim 30 (depends on 28)

The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said medium is a fiber optic cable and said energy is in the form of light.

### Claim 31 (depends on 17)

The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said codes are a set of orthogonal codes.

### Claim 32 (depends on 18)

The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said codes are Hadamard codes.

### Claim 33 (depends on 17)

The apparatus of claim 17 further comprising means for converting the energy received from analog to digital form and said processor comprises a digital processor.