# US 5,349,528 A · Method apparatus for determination of porosity lithological composition > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 5,349,528 A - Document ID: US5349528A - Status: Granted - Kind: A - Application number: 08/022,794 - Filed: 1993-02-23 - Granted: 1994-09-20 - Earliest claimed: 1990-03-12 - Assignees: Halliburton Logging Services, Inc. - Inventors: Naum Ruhovets - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US5349528A ## CPC - G01V 11/00: Prospecting or detecting by methods combining techniques covered by two or more of main groups G01V1/00 - G01V9/00 - G01V 3/28: using induction coils - G01V: GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS (means for indicating the location of accidentally buried, e.g. snow-buried, persons A63B29/02) ## Abstract Evaluation of thinly laminated shaly sand reservoirs has long been one of the most difficult problems of log analysis. A primary reason is that only shallow shale indicators such as a Dipmeter, other microresistivity devices, or an ultra high frequency dielectric tool, etc. accomplish resolutions compatible with the most thinly bedded shale or sand laminae. To overcome this problem a technique has been developed to reconstruct deep Induction conductivity and to compute effective porosity and water saturation consistent with the high vertical resolution tools such as the Dipmeter. To achieve greater accuracy in the evaluation of shale content and porosity, the volumes of shale are initially estimated from both a density-neutron crossplot and a high resolution shale indicator which has been integrated to the vertical resolution of the density and neutron logs. Then shale parameters for these logs are automatically adjusted within limits suggested by log data in such a way that computed shale volumes from the shale indicator and density-neutron crossplot match each other. The adjusted parameters are used to compute porosity and shale volume and the mode of distribution from the density and neutron logs and to recompute these results to the high vertical resolution level. This information is in turn used to reconstruct the deep Induction conductivity to the same vertical resolution. The technique allows water saturation determination from a Waxman-Smits type model when both dispersed and laminated clay types are present. ## Claims ### Claim 1 A method of preparing logs of laminated sand and shale formations comprising the steps of: (a) along a well borehole, making logging measurements with a logging tool having a specified vertical resolution across laminated sand and shale formations where the laminated formations have a thickness less than the vertical resolution of the logging tool and forming an output signal indicative of measurements made at a specified measurement resolution dependent on the logging tool vertical resolution; (b) forming a shale volume measurement from the logging tool for the laminated sand and shale formations; (c) forming the laminated sand and shale formation porosity; from the logging tool measurements; (d) forming the laminated sand and shale formation conductivity from the logging tool measurements; and (e) forming the laminated sand and shale formation water saturation. ### Claim 2 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the water saturation is determined for the sand. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the shale volume measurement includes an indication of the nature of the shale. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the porosity and conductivity are determined for non flushed sand in the laminated sand and shale. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the output signal represents a measurement made at a resolution defined by a selected vertical resolution at least as wide as the most thin lamination of sand or shale. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) The method of claim 1 wherein the measurement is made at a specific depth and water saturation is determined for that depth. ### Claim 7 A method of preparing logs of laminated sand and shale formations comprising the steps of: (a) along a well borehole, making logging measurements with a logging tool having a specified vertical resolution across laminated sand and shale formations where the laminated formations have a thickness less than the vertical resolution of the logging tool; and forming an output signal indicative of measurements made at a specified measurement resolution dependent on the logging tool vertical resolution; (b) converting the measured signal from the logging tool to a form comparable to that obtained by a high resolution tool capable of resolving measurements from a thinner sand or shale laminar layer measuring the region along the well borehole including the laminated sand and shale formation; (c) using the high resolution form of the signal to obtain a high resolution measure of conductivity for the laminated sand and shale formation; and (d) from the conductivity measure of the prior step, obtaining water saturation of the laminated sand and shale formation in accordance with a selected model relating to water saturation in sand or shale formations. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7 wherein the water saturation is for laminated sand in the laminated sand and shale formation. ### Claim 9 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7 wherein the converted signal is a high resolution representation of sand characteristics. ### Claim 10 (depends on 7) The method of claim 7 including the steps of forming signals representing formation porosity and conductivity. ### Claim 11 (depends on 10) The method of claim 10 wherein porosity and conductivity are formed as a function of well depth. ### Claim 12 A method of preparing logs of laminated sand and shale formations comprising the steps of: (a) along a well borehole, making a logging measurement of laminated formations with a logging tool, said formations having a thickness less than the vertical resolution of said logging tool, wherein said logging tool has a specified vertical resolution form comparable to that obtained by a high resolution tool capable of resolving measurements from a thinner sand or shale laminar layer for measuring a variable parameter along the well borehole including the laminated sand and shale formation; (c) obtaining for the laminated sand and shale formation a density-neutron crossplot to obtain therefrom a measure of shale volume; and (d) based on the high resolution representation of the variable parameter and the shale volume, determining formation conductivity represented as a high resolution measurement. ### Claim 13 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of determining the water saturation for the sand. ### Claim 14 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12, further comprising the step of determining the porosity and conductivity for non flushed sand in the laminated sand and shale. ### Claim 15 (depends on 12) The method of claim 12 wherein said logging tool provides an output signal representative of a measurement made at a resolution defined by a selected vertical resolution at least as wide as the most thin lamination of sand or shale. ### Claim 16 A method of preparing logs of laminated sand and shale formations comprising the steps of: (a) along a well borehole, making logging measurements with a logging tool having a specified vertical resolution of a variable across formations including a laminated sand and shale formation where the laminated formations have a thickness less than the vertical resolution of the logging tool and forming an output signal indicative of measurements made with a specified measurement resolution wherein the measurement is an average for sand and shale in the sand/shale formation dependent on the logging tool vertical resolution; (b) for the formations along the well borehole, measuring the shale volume; and (c) based on the measurement along the well borehole and the shale volume, determining a formation measurement as a high resolution measurement. ### Claim 17 (depends on 16) The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of determining the water saturation for the sand. ### Claim 18 (depends on 16) The method of claim 16 further comprising the step of determining the porosity and conductivity for non flushed sand in the laminated sand and shale. ### Claim 19 (depends on 16) The method of claim 16 wherein said logging tool provides an output signal representative of a measurement made at a resolution defined by a selected vertical resolution at least as wide as the most thin lamination of sand or shale.