# US 5,349,188 A · Near infrared analysis of piano constituents and octane number of hydrocarbons > Agents: this data is available as JSON from the patentgrep API and MCP server — see https://patentgrep.com/llms.txt - Number: US 5,349,188 A - Document ID: US5349188A - Status: Granted - Kind: A - Application number: 07/506,391 - Filed: 1990-04-09 - Granted: 1994-09-20 - Earliest claimed: 1990-04-09 - Assignees: Ashland Oil, Inc. - Inventors: Steven M. Maggard - Web page: https://patentgrep.com/patent/US5349188A ## CPC - G01N 21/359: using near infrared light - G01N 21/3577: for analysing liquids, e.g. polluted water - G01N 33/2829: {Mixtures of fuels} - G01N 2201/129: Using chemometrical methods - G01N: INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (measuring or testing apparatus or processes other than immunoassay, involving enzymes or microorganisms C12M, C12Q) ## Abstract Certain selected wavelengths in the near infrared spectra permit analysis of weight percent, volume percent, or even mole percent of each component, e.g. PIANO (paraffin, isoparaffin, aromatic, napthenes, and olefins), octane (preferably research, motor or pump), and percent of various hydrocarbons, e.g. alpha olefins. Analysis can be nearly continuous analysis on-line or at-line, as well as batch analysis, e.g. in a quality control laboratory. Preferably the NIR data is converted to a second derivative of the spectra and multiple linear regression performed to model the individual PIANO concentrations, and to predict physical properties of fuel blending components, e.g. research octane of reformate, etc. ## Claims ### Claim 1 In a process for the control of octane number, or cetane number, of a complex mixture comprising hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons, by near infrared spectroscopy, the improvement comprising predicting said octane number, or cetane number by: a. measuring the near infrared absorbance at at least one wavelength in one or more bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 1092-1156, 824-884, 1656-1692, 880-974, 1152-1230, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, 1940-2000, and/or 2058-2130 nanometers (nm); b. outputting a periodic or continuous signal indicative of a derivative of said absorbance in said wavelength, or wavelengths in said one or more bands or a combination of mathematical functions comprising a derivative thereof; c. mathematically converting said signal to an output signal indicative of the octane number or cetane number of said mixture; and d. controlling a blending or other process which correlates with octane number or cetane number by apparatus responsive to said output signal. ### Claim 2 In a process for the control of octane number, or cetane number of a complex mixture comprising hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons by near infrared spectroscopy, the improvement comprising predicting said octane number or cetane number by: a. measuring the near infrared absorbance at at least one wavelength, in two or more bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 2064-2234, 1092-1156, 824-884, 1656-1692, 880-974, 1152-1230, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1813, 1940-2000, and/or 2058-2130 nanometers (nm). b. periodically or continuously outputting a periodic or continuous signal indicative of the intensity of said absorbance in said wavelength, or wavelengths in said two or more bands or a combination of mathematical functions thereof; and c. mathematically converting said signal to an output signal indicative of the octane number or cetane number of said mixture; d. controlling a blending or other process which correlates with octane number or cetane number by apparatus responsive to said output signal; wherein said mathematically converting includes taking a first or higher derivative and wherein said output signal is used to control proportioning pumps, automatic control valves, or other flow control means to control the addition rate of each of a series of components fed from different sources to provide a target octane number or, cetane number in a finished blended mixture. ### Claim 3 (depends on 1) A process according to claim 1, or 2, wherein said absorbance is measured at wavelength within the 824-884 nm band. ### Claim 4 (depends on 1) A process according to claim 1, or 2, wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1152-1230 nm band. ### Claim 5 (depends on 1) A process according to claim 1, or 2, wherein said absorbance is measured in the 2064-2234 nm band. ### Claim 6 (depends on 1) A process according to claim 1, or 2, wherein comprising measuring said absorbance in the 880-974 nm band. ### Claim 7 In a process for the control of octane number, or cetane number of a complex mixture comprising hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons by near infrared spectroscopy, the improvement comprising predicting said octane number, or cetane number by: a. measuring the near infrared absorbance at at least one wavelength, in one or more bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 1656-1692, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, 1940-2000, and/or 2058-2130 nanometers (nm). b. outputting a periodic or continuous signal indicative of the intensity of said absorbance in said wavelength, or wavelengths in said one or more bands or a combination of mathematical functions thereof; and c. mathematically converting said signal to an output signal indicative of the octane number or cetane number of said mixture, d. controlling a blending or other process which correlates with octane number or cetane number by apparatus responsive to said output signal. ### Claim 8 (depends on 7) A process according to claim 7, wherein said functions comprise a derivative of said absorbance. ### Claim 9 (depends on 1, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, or 2, wherein said functions are obtained by a process comprising a base line offset correction. ### Claim 10 (depends on 1, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, or 2 wherein the mixture is a stream and said output signal is indicative of pump octane. ### Claim 11 (depends on 1, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, or 2 wherein the mixture is a stream and said output signal is indicative of motor octane. ### Claim 12 (depends on 1, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, or 2 wherein said output signal is indicative of cetane number. ### Claim 13 A system for blending hydrocarbon and/or substituted hydrocarbon feeds having various values of octane or cetane comprising in combination: A. NIR absorbance sensing means for emitting a signal indicative of absorbance in at least two bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 2064-2234, 1092-1156, 824-884, 1656-1692, 880-974, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, 1940-2000, and/or 2058-2130 nanometers (nm); B. computer means for mathematically converting said signal to an output indication of octane or other measure of fuel quality; C. flow control means responsive to said output, for controlling respective flows of said feeds to produce a blended mixture having substantially a preset value of said octane or cetane. ### Claim 14 (depends on 13) A system according to claim 13 wherein said computer means take a first or higher derivative of said signal. ### Claim 15 (depends on 13) A system according to claim 13 wherein said flow control means controls the flow of streams of two or more components of said mixture. ### Claim 16 (depends on 13) A process according to claim 13 wherein said composition comprises alpha olefins or mixtures thereof. ### Claim 17 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said hydrocarbons comprise reformer feed, reformate (stabilized and/or unstabilized), fluid catalytic cracker product, alkylate gasoline, polymerization gasoline, isomerate gasoline, and raffinate, or other refinery blending streams or mixtures thereof. ### Claim 18 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said mixture flows substantially intermittently or continuously past the point of measuring said absorbance. ### Claim 19 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein the mixture is a stream and said output signal is indicative of research octane. ### Claim 20 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said signal controls a fuel blending system feeding blending components having different octane or cetane into a common zone, whereby a product having a desired octane or cetane is produced. ### Claim 21 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said complex mixture comprises gasoline. ### Claim 22 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said complex mixture comprises diesel fuel. ### Claim 23 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein the hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons are involved in a chemical reaction. ### Claim 24 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said mathematically converting step comprises multiple regression analysis. ### Claim 25 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said mathematically converting step comprises partial least squares analysis. ### Claim 26 (depends on 1, 2) A process according to claim 1, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1092-1156 nm band. ### Claim 27 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1320-1380 nm band. ### Claim 28 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1470-1578 nm band. ### Claim 29 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1614-1644 nm band. ### Claim 30 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1746-1810 nm band. ### Claim 31 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 1940-2000 nm band. ### Claim 32 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A process according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said absorbance is measured in the 2058-2130 nm band. ### Claim 33 (depends on 1, 2, 7) A processing according to claim 1, 7, 2, or 13 wherein said mathematically converting step comprises principal component regression analysis. ### Claim 34 In a process for the control of octane number, or cetane number, of a complex mixture comprising hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons, by near infrared spectroscopy, the improvement comprising predicting said octane number, or cetane number by: a. measuring the near infrared absorbance at least one wavelength in one or more bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 1656-1692, 1320-1380, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, and/or 1940-2000 nanometers (nm); b. outputting a periodic or continuous signal indicative of a derivative of said absorbance in said wavelength, or wavelengths in said one or more bands or a combination of mathematical functions comprising a derivative thereof; c. mathematically converting said signal to an output signal indicative of the octane number or cetane number of said mixture; and d. controlling a blending or other process which correlates with octane number or cetane number by apparatus responsive to said output signal. ### Claim 35 In a process for the control of octane number, or cetane number of a complex mixture comprising hydrocarbons and/or substituted hydrocarbons by near infrared spectroscopy, the improvement comprising predicting said octane number or cetane number by: a. measuring the near infrared absorbance at at least one wavelength, in two or more bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 1656-1692, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, and/or 1940-2000 nanometers (nm). b. periodically or continuously outputting a periodic or continuous signal indicative of the intensity of said absorbance in said wavelength, or wavelengths in said two or more bands or a combination of mathematical functions thereof; and c. mathematically converting said signal to an output signal indicative of the octane number or cetane number of said mixture; d. controlling a blending or other process which correlates with octane number or cetane number by apparatus responsive to said output signal; wherein said mathematically converting includes taking a first or higher derivative and wherein said output signal is used to control proportioning pumps, automatic control valves, or other flow control means to control the addition rate of each of a series of components fed from different sources to provide a target octane number or, cetane number in a finished blended mixture. ### Claim 36 A system for blending hydrocarbon and/or substituted hydrocarbon feeds having various values of octane or cetane comprising in combination: A. NIR absorbance sensing means for emitting a signal indicative of absorbance in at least two bands selected from the group consisting essentially of: 1672-1698, 1700-1726, 1622-1650, 1656-1692, 1320-1380, 1470-1578, 1614-1644, 1746-1810, and/or 1940-2000 nanometers (nm); B. computer means for mathematically converting said signal to an output indication of octane or other measure of fuel quality; C. flow control means responsive to said output, for controlling respective flows of said feeds to produce a blended mixture having substantially a preset value of said octane or cetane.