Countercurrent regeneration process

A method of regenerating an ion exchanger which comprises:

• (a) providing an ion exchanger having a non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in the form of ion exchange granules, said ion exchanger being in the form of a vessel having a top distributor and a bottom distributor;
• (b) passing a solution to be treated in a downward charging direction through said bed of ion exchange material resulting in the formation of a concentration profile of ions that have been exchanged from the top to the bottom of said bed through said ion exchange material with said profile exhibiting a higher concentration of ions at the top of said bed;
• (c) followed by passing a regenerating solution upwardly from said bottom distributor through the non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in a controlled intermittent pulsed flow comprising a pulsed up flow of regenerating solution with said up flow exiting said vessel through said top distributor, a subsequent non-flow pause time, followed by a down flow pulse from said top distributor in a direction opposite to the up flow with said down flow pulse exiting the vessel through said bottom distributor, the duration and velocity of said pulsed up flow of regenerating solution being sufficient to hydrodynamically lift said ion exchange granules a controlled distance through all of the ion exchange granules without causing significant mixing of ion exchange granules throughout the concentration profile of said ion exchange material, the duration of said subsequent non-flow pause time being in the range of about 3 to 15 seconds to allow for some perceptible settling of the ion exchange granules, with said down flow :pulse being sufficient to reduce the sedimentation time of said ion exchange granules to a fraction of the normal gravitational settling time for said granules in the absence of said down flow pulse.

A method of regenerating an ion exchanger which comprises:

• (a) providing an ion exchanger having a non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in the form of ion exchange granules, said ion exchanger being in the form of a vessel having a top distributor and a bottom distributor;
• (b) passing a solution to be treated in a downward charging direction through said bed of ion exchange material resulting in the formation of a concentration profile of ions that have been exchanged from the top to the bottom of said bed through said ion exchange material with said profile exhibiting a higher concentration of ions at the top of said bed;
• (c) followed by passing a regenerating solution upwardly from said bottom distributor through the non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in a controlled intermittent pulsed flow comprising a pulsed up flow of regenerating solution with said up flow exiting said vessel through said top distributor, followed by a down flow pulse from said top distributor in a direction opposite to the up flow, with said down flow pulse existing the vessel through said bottom distributor, and then by a subsequent non-flow pause time, the duration and velocity of said pulsed up flow of regenerating solution being sufficient to hydrodynamically lift said ion exchange granules a controlled distance through all of the ion exchange granules without causing significant mixing of ion exchange granules throughout the concentration profile of said ion exchange material, with said down flow pulse being sufficient to reduce the sedimentation time of said ion exchange granules to a fraction of the normal gravitational settling time for said granules in the absence of said down flow pulse, followed by a subsequent non-flow pause time in the range of about 3 to 15 seconds to allow for complete settling of the ion exchange granules.

A method of regenerating an ion exchanger which comprises:

• (a) providing an ion exchanger having a non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in the form of ion exchange granules;
• (b) passing a solution to be treated in a downward charging direction through said bed of ion exchange material resulting in the formation of a concentration profile of ions that have been exchanged from the top to the bottom of said bed through said ion exchange material with said profile exhibiting a higher concentration of ions at the top of said bed;
• (c) followed by passing a regenerating solution upwardly through the non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in a controlled intermittent pulsed flow comprising a pulsed up flow of regenerating solution, followed by a down flow pulse in a direction opposite to the upflow, the duration and velocity of said pulsed up flow of regenerating solution being sufficient to hydrodynamically lift said ion exchange granules a controlled distance through all of the ion exchange granules without causing significant mixing of ion exchange granules throughout the concentration profile of said ion exchange material, with said down flow pulse being sufficient to reduce the sedimentation time of said ion exchange granules to a fraction of the normal gravitational settling time for said granules in the absence of said down flow pulse, followed by a subsequent non-flow pause time in the range of about 3 to 15 seconds to allow for complete settling of the ion exchange granules.

A method of regenerating an ion exchanger which comprises:

• (a) providing an ion exchanger having a non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in the form of ion exchange granules, said ion exchanger being in the form of a vessel having a top distributor and a bottom distributor and further containing a collector positioned near the top surface of the ion exchange bed;
• (b) passing a solution to be treated in a downward charging direction through said bed of ion exchange material resulting in the formation of a concentration profile of ions that have been exchanged from the top to the bottom of said bed through said ion exchange material with said profile exhibiting a higher concentration of ions at the top of said bed;
• (c) followed by passing a regenerating solution upwardly from said bottom distributor through the non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in a controlled intermittent pulsed flow comprising a pulsed up flow of regenerating solution with said up flow exiting said vessel through said top distributor, followed by a down flow pulse from said top distributor in a direction opposite to the up flow with said down flow pulse exiting the vessel through said collector, and then by a subsequent non-flow pause time, the duration and velocity of said pulsed up flow of regenerating solution being sufficient to hydrodynamically lift said ion exchange granules a controlled distance through all of the ion exchange granules without causing significant mixing of ion exchange granules throughout the concentration profile of said ion exchange material, with said down flow pulse being sufficient to reduce the sedimentation time of said ion exchange granules to a fraction of the normal gravitational settling time for said granules in the absence of said down flow pulse, followed by a subsequent non-flow pause time in the range of about 3 to 15 seconds to allow for complete settling of the ion exchange granules.

A method of regenerating an ion exchanger which comprises:

• (a) providing an ion exchanger having a non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in the form of ion exchange granules, said ion exchanger being in the form of a vessel having a top distributor and a bottom distributor and further containing a collector positioned near the top surface of the ion exchange bed;
• (b) passing a solution to be treated in a downward charging direction through said bed of ion exchange material resulting in the formation of a concentration profile of ions that have been exchanged from the top to the bottom of said bed through said ion exchange material with said profile exhibiting a higher concentration of ions at the top of said bed;
• (c) followed by passing a regenerating solution upwardly from said bottom distributor through the non-constrained bed of ion exchange material in a controlled intermittent pulsed flow comprising a pulsed up flow of regenerating solution with said up flow exiting said vessel through said top distributor, a subsequent non-flow pause time, followed by a down flow pulse from said top distributor in a direction opposite to the up flow, with said down flow pulse exiting the vessel through said collector, the duration and velocity of said pulsed up flow of regenerating solution being sufficient to hydrodynamically lift said ion exchange granules a controlled distance through all of the ion exchange granules without causing significant mixing of ion exchange granules throughout the concentration profile of said ion exchange material, the duration of said subsequent non-flow pause time being in the range of about 3 to 15 seconds to allow for some perceptible settling of the ion exchange granules, with said down flow pulse being sufficient to reduce the sedimentation time of said ion exchange granules to a fraction of the normal gravitational settling time for said granules in the absence of said down flow pulse.